Dividing Destroying and Rebuilding A Nation 1844 1877

Dividing, Destroying and Rebuilding A Nation 1844 -1877

John Gast 1872

Issues that have divided us • • Size and scope of the Federal Government UNITED states or united STATES Regional Economic Interest Constitutional Views Indians New Lands out West Slavery – In the west – Moral issue

As we approach 1850, tensions escalate… • Manifest Destiny • Mexican-American War – Wilmot Proviso • 1848 election – Free Soil Party… • California Gold Rush of 1849 • California asks for statehood…

? ? ? WILL THERE BE SLAVERY IN THE NEW LAND? ? ? • NM and AZ land gained in Mexican War • Wilmot Proviso (add on to the Treaty of Guadalupe) – states no slaves allowed in land gained from Mexico – defeated in Congress • tensions increase. Uh O! Slave issue again

Compromise of 1820

Division of sentiment over the future of slavery • Squatter sovereignty • Extend the Missouri Compromise Line of 1820 to the Pacific • No expansion of slavery • Complete expansion of slavery

Sectionalism and Politics of Slavery Compromise of 1820 - Missouri thing A NEW DEAL Compromise of 1850 – negotiated by Henry Clay 1. CA-admitted as a free state N 2. Harsh Fugitive Slave Law S – runaway and those that help were severely punished. 3. Popular Sovereignty – – NM and AZ residents decide for themselves.

WHY Fugitive Slave Laws? ?

• Gag-rule (1836 -1844) • Underground Railroad – Levi Coffin (Grand Central) – Harriet Tubman

Insurrections • • • Hughson Insurrection (1741) Gaberial Insurrection (1800) Boxley Insurrection (1816) Denmark Vessey Insurrection (1822) Nat Turner (1831) – Southampton, VA – Resulted in… • the Patrol System • Stricter Slave Codes

Where are slaves coming from? • • Slave Trade ended in 1809 Smuggled through Florida Smuggled through Texas Domestic Trade from Virginia – 1 million displaced • Transfer and Sold

The Old South • Agricultural Based – 2/3 of the worlds supply of cotton • Virtually no industry – Black labor not suited for clock work – Aristocratic nature of plantation life

Southern Demographics • Population 8 million • White Social Classes in the South – 4% Planter elite (30 or more slaves) • 1. 9 million – Small farmers (49% owned slaves) • Overseers or slave “drivers” – Poor Whites • Proud and Violent

Southern Demographics • Black Social Classes – “Free Persons of Color” • 150, 000 in the South • Face Discrimination • Limited Rights – Black Slave Holders • 3, 775 owned slaves – Slaves • Property (Chattel) “as slave will fetch $1000 cash real quick” “Many a time I’ve had’em say to me, ‘You’re my property. ’”

Slave Quarters, Boone Hall Plantation, S. C.

Slave Life • • Hard Work Frequent Punishment Rape Forged Communities – Family “so long as God keeps them together” – Language, music, dance, religion

Competing Views of Southern Slavery • Gone with the Wind Version – Fair treatment of slave – Good slave/owner relations – “Positive Good” position • Uncle Tom’s Cabin Version – Rape Common – Severe beatings – Evil institution

Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher Stowe-Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Portrayed south and slavery as evil + violent. • Causes widespread concern

Division among churches… • Methodist… • Baptist… – American Baptist Association – Southern Baptist Association • Presbyterian…

• Louisiana notoriously bad “Mit has never been used to see negroes flayed alive and it would kill her” Maryland Planter John Munnikhuysen “I govern them without the whip. By stating that I should sell them if they do not conduct themselves as I wish. The negroes here dread nothing on earth so much as this. They regard the deep south with perfect horror, and to be sent there is considered as the worst punishment” Henry Clay • Sold “down the river”

“Why does a slave ever love? ” Harriet Jacobs: autobiography “My Dear wife for you and my children my cannot express the grief I feel to be parted from you all. ” Georgia Slave Sold “Mamma used to cry when she had to go back to work because she was always scared some of us kids would be sold while she was away. ” Sarah Grant

Abolitionist • Abolitionists: – – Fredrick Douglas The Grimke Sisters William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Lovejoy (Martyr) The Liberator – First published in 1831

Abolitionist Movement • Know the following abolitionists: – – – Fredrick Douglas The Grimke Sisters Theodore Weld James Birney William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Lovejoy The Liberator – First published in 1831 The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) Free Soil Party (1848) - “freemen, free labor, and free soil” Republican Party (1854)

Movements • American Colonization Society (1817) – Resettlement • The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) – “Heinous crime in the sight of God” • Free Soil Party (1848) – “freemen, free labor, and free soil”

Reactions to Abolition • North – Discrimination – Segregation – Free but not civil rights – Support • South – Defend slavery – Churches split – Racial inferiority – Profitability – Positive good for both

Abolished Slave Trade in D. C. Free State Pop ular Sove r eign ty la e. S on illi 0 m $1 S te tric r tiv i g Fu v aw L e

Back to the Land Issues

Politics & Slavery in the Territories • Wilmot Proviso • Popular Sovereignty • Free Soilers – no extension – Rebellious northern democrats – Anti-Slavery Whigs – Liberty Party “Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men. ”

Election 1848 • Free Soil – Martin Van Buren • Whigs – Zac Taylor • Dem – Cass

Election of 1848

Election of 1852 • Dem - Franklin Pierce • Whig – Winfield Scott • Free Soilers – John P. Hale

Election of 1852

Brief Side Track • Cuba – Offer to purchase from Spain – Abolitionist blocked further efforts • China and Japan open ports for trade – Hundreds of missionaries to China – Japan block migration

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 • Proposed by Stephen Douglas – Desire for transcontinental railroad • KA and NE would decide for themselves. – Popular Sovereignty. – Lecompton Constitution • Rush to populate states by south to vote pro-slave. (Border Ruffians) • “Bleeding Kansas”

the l a e Rep 3 ne i l ’ 0 60 3

Time for Violence • Charles Sumner (Mass. ) Speech • Andrew Pickens Butler (S. C. ) • Preston Brooks (S. C. ) • Sumner a martyr and Republicans grow • Brooks a hero in the South

John Browns Raid (56’) • John Brown-radical abolitionist kills slave owners “Bleeding Kansas”. – Pattawatomie Massacre – Osawatomie

Election of 1856 • Republican Party is born – anti slavery – John Fremont as candidate • Franklin Pierce was denied renomination • James Buchanan (PA) Wins – Democrat – Supported Popular Sovereignty – States rights all the way – 1 st Unmarried – LAST NATIONAL(? ? ) ELECTION for a while

Dred Scott (1857) • Overturns Miss. Compromise and Kansas. Nebraska Act – Slaves considered property-take ‘em anywhere. – Both of the above denied citizens the right to property. – Slaves cant sue since they do not have rights “…they have no rights that a white man is bound to respect. ”

Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry (58’) • Fear in the South • Martyr for the Abolitionist

“Now if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice and MINGLE MY BLOOD FURTHER WITH THE BLOOD OF MY CHILDREN, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments—I submit; so LET IT BE DONE. ” John Brown 1859

Lincoln – Douglas Debates August to October 1858

Lincoln Douglas • Lincoln wins popularity • Lincoln wins abolitionist votes • Wins Senate seat • Douglas becomes prominent figure in Senate • Freeport Doctrine – slave could not exist even though the Dred Scott decision said it must if the states did not make laws to endorse or enforce it.

1860 Election The Democratic Party met in Charleston, S. C. …and split!

1860 Not a National Election • Northern Democrat - Stephen A. Douglas – Only one to win free and slave state votes • Southern Democrat - John C. Breckinridge • Whig (Constitutional Union) - John Bell • Republican - Abraham Lincoln – not on ballot in south

Lincoln’s Election • Abolitionist like him for containment • 39% of the pop vote • Wins all 18 free states • Democrats still control Congress and Supreme Court

Southern Response • “The Black Republican has won” • Disintegration of the UNITED states of America • S. C. calls state convention

"A house divided against itself cannot stand. "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South. Have we no tendency to the latter condition?

Last Ditch Efforts • Buchanan Lame Duck “Secession is illegal but I lack the authority to make a state rejoin” • Crittenden Compromise • 13 th Amendment to guarantee slavery where it existed

Southern States Secede South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860 Mississippi Jan. 9, 1861 Florida Jan. 10, 1861 Alabama Jan. 11, 1861 Georgia Jan. 19, 1861 Louisiana Jan. 26, 1861 Texas Feb. 1, 1861 FORMATION OF THE CSA – Jefferson Davis Pres. Capital later in - Richmond, VA

Lincoln’s Inaugural “Union of states is perpetual” “There will be no invasion or using force” “Preserve the Union”

Shots Fired • Fort Sumter, S. C. 4: 30 AM April 11, 1861

Shots Fired • S. C. request troops removed – “Ring of fire” – Major Robert Anderson • Lincoln sends supplies • Davis opposes – Orders Gen. Beauregard to fire • Shots 4: 30 AM April 11, 1861 • Lincoln – orders blockade – 75, 000 volunteers

Choosing Sides • VA, NC, TN, AR all go South • MD, DE, WV, MS, KY all go North • Robert E. Lee asked to be Gen. for Union “After a sleepless night I can no fight against my country. ” (VA) • 100, 000 Southerners fight for the Union

Battles of The Civil War • 1 st Shots Fired- Fort Sumter • 1 st Major Battle- Bull Run/Manassas "There stands Jackson like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!" -- Brigadier General Barnard Bee, CSA

Monitor v. Merrimack Iron-Clad Naval Battle

Battles Continued • Antietam-Bloodiest single day of the war. – 26, 000 combined casualties. – Emancipation Proclamation issued after facing pressure from abolitionists. • Turning Points – Gettysburg-Northern victory • Pickett’s Charge – Vicksburg, Miss. -North captures important city on Miss. River.

Pickett’s Charge

Dead Confederate Sharp Shooter

Civil War • • Anaconda Plan-strangle and blockade. War for the capitols-D. C. and Richmond. Emancipation Proclamation-freed slaves. Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus. – Arrested without a trial. – Northern Copperheads-wanted peace with South. • • Conscription-draft. Congress passes income tax. Gettysburg Address. Sherman’s March to Sea-burnt Atlanta to Savannah-Concept of Total War.

Advantages/Disadvantages • • North More railroads. More money. Bigger industrial base. • • • South Better Generals. Home turf. Lack of supplies. Lack of Railroads.

Reconstruction Period • 1865 -1877 – Rebuilding after the Civil War – Readmitting Southern States – Newly Freed Slaves

Changes to USA • Power of the Federal Gov’t is supreme • extension of federal powers • income taxes first used • citizens drafted into service – civil rights were restricted – habeas corpus suspended

3 Plans to Reconstruct a Nation • Lincoln-10% plan; easy plan – 10% take oath of allegiance=pardon • Johnson-moderate plan – Withdraw secession, swear allegiance, ratify the 13 th Amendment. • Radical Republicans in Congress – 51% take oath, adopt 13 th and 14 th Amendments.

Radical Republicans • Blame the South for the Civil War. • Thought slaves should be free and EQUAL. • Senator Sumner and Rep. Thaddeus Stevens led Radicals. • Passed Wade-Davis Bill– said Congress should control Reconstruction; – Johnson vetoed.

Lincoln’s Assassination • Lincoln’s assassination – When-April 14 th 1865 • Four days after Appomattox – Where-Ford’s Theatre, DC – Who John Wiles Booth • Southern sympathizer

Aftermath -Andrew Johnson is President -tried to follow Lincoln’s plan with additions -Congress refuses plan as too lenient -South tries to reorganize under Lincoln’s plan

Southern Politics -Black Codes -many of the same leaders elected to office -blacks denied most rights -many people of the Union saw little change and began to question the outcome of the war

Struggles for Freed Blacks • • • No Education No Land No Money No Equality No Power

FREEDMAN’S BUREAU • -created to help former slaves adjust • -provided education and schooling • -helped former slaves find work • -protect freed slaves

New Government 15 th Amendment -African Americans can vote -Black leaders elected - KKK stops voting

Power Struggle Congress vs. President • -Congress refuses to admit new southern delegates • -Congress passes Civil Right Act of 1866 over a Johnson veto • -Congress bypasses Johnson to achieve equal rights • -14 th Amendment • -Radicals control Congress after 1866 elections with large majority

Radical Reconstruction Act of 1867 • -override the President • -”Martial Law” military rule of South • -protect former slaves • -bans former leaders

Rush for New Government -Scalawags – southerners in office -Carpetbaggers –northerners moved to south -

Johnson Impeached -Johnson fights with Radicals -Radicals seek to impeach -Tenure of Office Act -Johnson tests the legality of Act -Johnson impeached but acquitted

I am a person that is greatly appreciative of my Federal position. It is one of the greatest things to come from the government in recent history. I like how society is helping the former slaves adjust to the new world around them. I am so glad that we can help the people that have been deprived of everything their whole entire lives. I am glad that they are providing education and schooling for all the children, so that they can be future career holders and be able to be equal with the rest of the world. I am helping find jobs for the adult slaves that have survived these many years in poverty. The most basic need of the former slaves is land reform and we are trying to get that for them. We are trying our best in order to help as many of the former slaves that we can. Even though I know that there will still be some slaves that are missed, but it's a start, and I am glad that we can do that much for them. There are still many people that disagree with letting the former slaves learn and get as much respect as the others in the world, but America is supposed to be the free world, so that is all that we are trying to instill upon this country. I think that everyone should work together and help out in this effort.

"No person of color shall migrate into and reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two freeholders as sureties" "Servants shall not be absent from the premises without the permission of the master” “Prohibited marriages between whites and Negroes or Indians or persons of Negro or Indian descent to third generation. ”

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [1]

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Blacks gain political freedoms • Amendments – 13 Free – 14 citizenship – 15 vote

Changing Face on Congress • First blacks in congress • Hiram Revels-first black Senator; Miss.

• Blanche K. Bruce, Mississippi. • John Mercer Langston, Virginia • John R. Lynch, Mississippi John Willis Menard, first African American elected to the U. S. Congress (denied his seat) • Joseph Hayne Rainey South Carolina • James T. Rapier • Hiram Revels, Mississippi. • Robert Smalls, South Carolina Senator • Josiah T. Walls, U. S. Representative, Florida

Southern attempts to prevent freedoms • Fear and intimidation – KKK • Laws passed – Black Codes “Jim Crow” • Grandfather clause • Poll tax • Literacy test

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That when any officer appointed as aforesaid, excepting judges of the United States courts, shall, during a recess of the Senate, be shown, by evidence satisfactory to the President, to be guilty of misconduct in office, or crime, or for any reason shall become incapable or legally disqualified to perform its duties, in such case, and in no other, the President may suspend such officer and designate some suitable person to perform temporarily the duties of such office until the next meeting of the Senate, and until the case shall be acted upon by the Senate…; and in such case it shall be the duty of the President, within twenty days after the first day of such next meeting of the Senate, to report to the Senate such suspension, with the evidence and reasons for his action in the case, and the name of the person so designated to perform the duties of such office. And if the Senate shall concur in such suspension and advise and consent to the removal of such officer,

Johnson Impeached • Johnson was a Southerner • Congress upset because Johnson fired Radical Republican cabinet members without asking the Senate. – Stanton Sec. of War • Would not enforce laws of the reconstruction act – Impeached in House but not in Senate.

Results of the Civil War • • • Nationalism over State’s Rights Industry over agriculture Invalidation of the Doctrine of Secession End of Slavery Rejection of Confederate Debts Devastation of the South

Election of 68’ • Republicans “waved the bloody shirt” – War Hero Ulysses S. Grant – 500, 000 blacks • Civil Rights Act of 1867 required states to include blacks in voting • Some Northern states didn’t like this

Republican Control • Civil Rights Acts of 75’ – Equal Accommodations • • • Universal Male Suffrage Property Rights Debt Relief Infrastructure Schools Taxes

Republican Control • • • Corrupt Bribes and kickbacks Graft-funds end up in personal bank accounts Wasteful Spoils System (patronage) Idealism Materialism

Corruption at all Levels • Whiskey Ring – Federal • Tammany Hall – State and Local • Grant’s reputation suffered

Reconstruction Ends • First Phase – Presidential vs. Congressional • Second Phase – Military rule, Civil Rights, Amendments • Third Phase – Southern Conservative “Redeemers” – State governments controlled again • KKK • Amnesty Act 72’

Election of 1877 (Its Over) • Republicans – Rutherford B. Hayes • Democrats – Sam Tilden

Election of 1877 • Tilden won popular vote but lost election. • Hayes won by one electoral vote; FLA. • Democrats agree to let Hayes wins if he ends Reconstruction; remove North troops.