Divided into 100s of ethnic linguistic groups Mixture

• Divided into 100’s of ethnic & linguistic groups • Mixture of large empires & small independent villages • Most practiced traditional beliefs • Others practiced Islam & Christianity

• Limited to coastal territory • Travel to interior was limited due to navigability of rivers & disease • Large networks of Africans controlled trade (gold & ivory) • European interest began with the slave Trade (Triangular trade)

• 1860’s Scottish missionary David Livingstone- first European to explore Sub. Saharan Africa • Reported lush forests, waterfalls, & grasslands • Discovers Victoria Falls

• 1871 American Henry Stanley searches for & finds Livingstone • Stanley finds mouth of Congo opening up interior to trade • Helps establish Congo Free State for Belgium Under King Leopold • Sets off Colonization of Central Africa

• Belgium presence in the Congo setoff European race for colonies • No European power wanted to be left behind • Discoveries of Gold & Diamonds in South Africa increased interest

§Conference set up rules for colonizing Africa • Any country could claim land • Divided Africa with no regard for ethnic or linguistic groups that existed. v. No African rulers attended • By 1914 only 2 countries remained independent

Berlin Conference

• Scattered throughout Africa • Controlled heavily populated regions heavy in resources • Parts of West & East Africa, Egypt, & most of Southern Africa

• Dutch Farmers(Boers) settled Cape town • Later English acquired Cape colony from Dutch • Boers (Dutch who remained) resented English rule & Migrated north (The Great Trek)

• 1816 African leader Shaka unites the Zulu Nation • Zulu warriors fight against European slave traders & Ivory hunters

• Boers allied with British defeat Zulus • Boers establish independent Republics of – Transvaal – Orange Free State

• 1867 diamond & gold discovered in Boer territory • 1890 Cecil Rhodes expands control of South Africa • Annexes the Boar Republics • Boers resist. War lasts from 1899 -1902 • 1910 British form Union of South Africa (*Racial segregation until 1993)

Europeans In Africa By 1914 Britain France Germany Italy Belgium Portugal Spain

British Territory • Britain’s claims in Africa were the Largest • Included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources. • Control Suez Canal • This allowed or control of Egypt

French Territory • France: Powerful in North Africa • Later spread into West and Central Africa. • Territory France controlled was as large as the United States.

German Territory • Newly formed German empire fought many battles against African natives to take lands southern Africa. • Germany would lose its colonial territories after its loss in World War I.

Italian Territory • Italians crossed Mediterranean conquered Libya. • They then took Somaliland in the horn of Africa, • Badly beaten by the Ethiopians

Belgium Territory • Belgians exploited riches of Congo • Brutalized natives. • Many Africans were enslaved, beaten, and killed.

• Claims of the Portuguese and Spanish were minimal. Portuguese Territory Spanish Territory

v. Most Resistance was unsuccessful • Superior European technology • Alliances failed §Maji- Maji Rebellion 1905 • Germans in East Africa squash spiritual uprising (26, 000 killed)

• Menelik II Emperor of Ethiopia • Purchases weapons from France & Russia • Defeated Italian forces in 1896 v. Only African nation to successfully resist Europeans

• Reduced local warfare • Improved sanitation, hospitals & education • African products popular in European Market • Improved infrastructure • Railroads, dams, telephones & telegraph lines

• Lost land & independence • Death caused by new disease & resistance • Change to cash crops resulted in famine • Breakdown of traditional culture v European establishment of boundaries (Problem today)