Diversity of Benthic Animals Categories of Benthic Animals
Diversity of Benthic Animals
Categories of Benthic Animals • >1 mm macrobenthos • <. 1 mm microbenthos • Between. 1 and 1 mm meiobenthos
Major Taxonomic Groups of Benthos • Porifera • Coelenterata – Hydrozoa • Platyhelminthes – Turbellaria • • Gastrotricha Rotifera Nematoda Bryozoa • Annelida – Oligochaeta – Hirundinella • Mollusca – Gastropoda – Pelecypoda • Arthropoda – Crustacea – Insecta
Major Functional Groups of Benthos Functional Feeding Groups • Predators (prd) • Omnivores • Collectors – Filtering Collectors (c-f) – Gathering Collectors (c-g) • Scrapers (scr) • Shredders (shr) • Piercers Habitat & Behavior • Clinger • Climber • Sprawler • Burrower • Swimmer
Hilsenhoff Biotic Index Water Quality Degree of Organic Pollution 0. 00 -3. 50 Excellent No apparent organic pollution 3. 51 -4. 50 Very good Possible slight organic pollution 4. 51 -5. 50 Good 5. 51 -6. 50 Fair 6. 51 -7. 50 Fairly poor 7. 51 -8. 50 Poor 8. 51 -10. 00 Very poor Some organic pollution Fairly significant organic pollution Significant organic pollution Very significant organic pollution Severe organic pollution 1929 -2011
Porifera • Spongilla (5)
Coelenterata • Hydrozoa – Hydra (5) – Craspedacusta
Platyhelminthes • Turbellaria – Dugesia (6)
Gastrotricha
Rotifera • Bdelloid rotifers
Bryozoa • Plumatella • Pectinatella • statoblast
Annelida • Oligochaeta (e. g. Tubifex; 10)
Annelida • Hirundinella – Hirudo (6) – Glossiphonia (8)
Mollusca, scr • Gastropoda – Physa (8) – Helisoma (6) – Pleurocera (6)
Mollusca, c-f • Pelecypoda (Bivalvia) – Corbicula (6) – Dreissena (8) – Sphaerium (6)
Mollusca, c-f • Pelecypoda (Bivalvia) – Elliptio (8) – Lampsilis (6)
Aquatic Arachnid Arthropods, prd • Water Mites (e. g. Arrenurus, 6) • Fishing Spiders (e. g. Dolomedes)
Benthic Crustacean Arthropods • • • Copepoda Ostracoda Isopoda Amphipoda Decapoda
Benthic Copepods • Harpacticoida (8)
Ostracoda, c-g • Seed Shrimp (e. g. Cypria, 8)
Isopoda, c-g • Aquatic sow bugs (e. g. Asellus, 8)
Amphipoda, c-g • Side swimmers or scuds – Hyalella (8) – Gammarus (4 -6)
Decapoda, c-g • Crawfish (e. g. Orconectes) (6) – (Procambarus) • Glass Shrimp (e. g. Natania)
Orders of Aquatic Insects and Collembola • • • Collembola -spring tails Plecoptera –stoneflies Ephemeroptera –mayflies Odonota –dragonflies and damselflies Hemiptera –true bugs Megaloptera – dobsonflies (hellgrammites) Neuroptera –spongillaflies Coleoptera –beetles Trichoptera –caddisflies Diptera –flies, mosquitoes, and midges
Collembola (5 -10), c-g
Plecoptera • Winter and Spring Stoneflies – Broadbacks (e. g. Taeniopteryx, 2) shr – Slender Winter Stoneflies (e. g. Capnia, 1 -3) shr)
Plecoptera • Summer Stoneflies – Giant Stoneflies • Pteronarcys (0) shr – Common Stoneflies • Perla (0 -4) prd
Ephemeroptera • Suborder Schistonota – Minnow-Like Mayflies • Ameletus (0) c-g • Isonychia (2) c-f • Baetis (4 -6) c-g
Ephemeroptera • Suborder Schistonota – Flatheaded Mayflies • Epeorus (0) scr
Ephemeroptera • Suborder Schistonota – Pronggills • Leptophlebia (4) c-g – Burrowers • Ephemera (2) c-g
Ephemeroptera • Suborder Pannota – Crawlers • Ephemerella (0 -1) c-g – Squaregills • Caenis (6 -7) c-g – Shellbacks • Baetisca (3 -4) c-g
Odonata • Zygoptera (Damselflies) – Broadwinged damselfly • Calopteryx (6) prd – Spreadwinged damselfly • Lestes (6) prd
Odonata • Aeshnoid Dragonflies – Graybacks, Clubtails, & Darners • Aeshna (3 -5) prd
Odonata • Biddies or Spiketails – Cordulegaster (3) prd
Odonata • Skimmers – Epitheca (2 -5) prd – Sympetrum prd (2 or 9 family)
Hemiptera, prd • Backswimmers (Notonectids) – Buenoa – Notonecta
Hemiptera, prd • Water Scorpions (e. g. Nepa) • Giant Water Bugs (e. g. Lethocerus)
Hemiptera, prd • Water Boatman (Corixids – e. g. Sigara, 3 -5) • Water Striders (e. g. Gerris)
Megaloptera, prd • Alderflies (e. g. Sialis, 4) • Dobsonflies (e. g. Corydalus, 4)
Neuroptera, prd • Spongillaflies (e. g. Climacea) – (5)
Coleoptera • Crawling Water Beetles (e. g. Haliplus, 5) shr • Predaceous Diving Beetles (e. g. Dytiscus, 5) prd
Coleoptera • Whirligig Beetles (e. g. Gyrinus, 4) prd • Water Scavenger Beetles (e. g. Berosus, 4) c-g
Coleoptera • Water Pennies (e. g. Psephenus, 4) scr • Riffle Beetles (e. g. Stenelmis, 5) scr
Trichoptera • Net Spinning Caddisflies – Fingernail netspinners (e. g. Chimarra 2 -4) c-f – Nettube Caddis (e. g. Psychomyia, 2) c-g
Trichoptera • Net Spinning Caddisflies – Trumpetnet Caddis (e. g. Polycentropus, 6) prd – Common Netspinners (e. g. Hydropsyche, 0 -6) c-f
Trichoptera • Free-living Caddisflies – Rhyacophila (0 -1) prd – Hydroptila (6) scr
Trichoptera • Tubecase Makers – Humpless Case Makers (e. g. Brachycentrus, 0 -1) c-f – Northern Case Makers (e. g. Limnephilus, 3) shr
Trichoptera • Tubecase Makers – Lepidostomid Case Makers (e. g. Lepidostoma, 1) shr – Strongcase Makers (e. g. Psilotreta, 0) scr
Trichoptera • Tubecase Makers – Snailcase Makers (e. g. Helicopsyche, 3) scr – Longhorned Case Makers (e. g. Nectopsyche, 3) shr
Diptera • Crane Flies (e. g. Tipula, 6) shr • Phantom Crane Flies (e. g. Bittacomorpha, 9) c-g
Diptera • Phantom Midges (e. g. Chaeoborus, 8) prd • Mosquitoes c-f – Anopheles (8) – Aedes (8) – Culex (8)
Diptera • Biting Midges (Culicoides, 10) prd • Midges – Chironomus (9 -10) c-g – Tanytarsus (6) c-f
Diptera • Black Flies (e. g. Simulium, 4 -7) c-f • Horse and Deer Flies (Tabanus, 5) prd
Diptera • Rattailed Maggots (Eristalis, 10) c-g • Shore Flies or Brine Flies (Ephydra, 6) shr
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