Distributed Databases Review Distributed Databases Distributed Transaction Management

Distributed Databases: Review Distributed Databases Distributed Transaction Management Distributed Query Processing Semantic Data Control Distributed Database Design System Architecture 1 Yangjun Chen May 2003

Distributed Databases: Review ANSI/SPARC Architecture System Architecture DBMS Implementation Alternatives Datalogical Architecture Clients/Server Architecture Components of a Multi-DBMS May 2003 Yangjun Chen 2

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Distributed Databases: Review Relation Fragmentation Distributed DBMS Design Horizontal, Vertical, Hybrid Correctness of Fragmentation Completeness, Reconstruction, Disjointness Algorithms COM_MIN Al. , Bond Energy Al. Fragment Allocation May 2003 Yangjun Chen 13

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Distributed Databases: Review Algorithms for horizontal fragmentation: Ø COM_MIN Algorithm Given a relation and a set of predicates, it will find a complete and minimal set of predicates Ø Horizontal Algorithm Given a complete and minimal set of predicates, it will produce a horizontal fragmentation May 2003 Yangjun Chen 20

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Distributed Databases: Review Global affinity measure: GAM = aff(Ai, Aj)*[aff(Ai, Aj-1) + aff(Ai, Aj+1) + aff(Ai-1, Aj) + aff(Ai+1, Aj)] Since the affinity matrix is symmetric, we have GAM = 2 * AM = May 2003 aff(Ai, Aj)*[aff(Ai, Aj-1) + aff(Ai, Aj+1 )] Yangjun Chen 35

Distributed Databases: Review Global affinity measure: AM = aff(Ai, Aj)*[aff(Ai, Aj-1) + aff(Ai, Aj+1)] = [aff(Ai, Aj)*aff(Ai, Aj-1) + aff(Ai, Aj)*aff(Ai, Aj+1)] = [bond(Ai, Aj-1) + bond(Ai, Aj+1)], aff(Ai, Aj)*aff(Ai, Aj-1) + Where bond(Ax, Ay) = May 2003 aff(Ai, Aj)*aff(Ai, Aj+1)] aff(Az, Ax)*aff(Az, Ay). Yangjun Chen 36

Distributed Databases: Review Relation schema: R[A 1, …, Ai, …, Aj, …, Ak-1, Ak, …, An] Affinity matrix: A 1, …, Ai, …, Aj, …, Ak-1, Ak, …, An … … …… … Clustered affinity matrix: Ai 1, …, Ail, Ai , Aj, Ai(l+3), …, Ai(k-1) … … … new old May 2003 Ai 1, …, Ail, Ai , Ak , Aj, Ai(l+3), …, Yangjun Chen 37

Distributed Databases: Review [bond(Ais, Ai(s-1)) + bond(Ais, Aj(s+1))] + bond(Ai, Ail) + bond(Ai, Aj) + bond(Aj, Ai(l+3)) + [bond(Ais, Ai(s-1)) + bond(Ais, Aj(s+1))] AMold = [bond(Ais, Ai(s-1)) + bond(Ais, Aj(s+1))] + bond(Ai, Ail) + bond(Ai, Ak) + bond(Ak, Ai) + bond(Ak, Aj) + bond(Aj, Ak) + bond(Aj, Ai(l+3)) + [bond(Ais, Ai(s-1)) + bond(Ais, Aj(s+1))] AMnew = AMnew – AMold = 2* bond(Ai, Ak) + 2* bond(Aj, Ak) – 2* bond(Ai, Aj) May 2003 Yangjun Chen 38

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Distributed Databases: Review total cost for query processing cost for data processing cost for storage cost for transmission update cost for data access integrity concurrency checking control May 2003 Yangjun Chen retrieval cost 51

Distributed Databases: Review View Management Semantic Data Control Data Security Semantic Integrity Control Constraint Specification Language Integrity Enforcement May 2003 Yangjun Chen 52

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Distributed Databases: Review Query Processing Methodology Distributed Query Processing May 2003 - Query Decomposition - Data Localization - Global Optimization Local Optimization Yangjun Chen 62

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Distributed Databases: Review R* Algorithm SDD-1 Algorithm May 2003 Yangjun Chen 78

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Distributed Databases: Review Transaction Concepts and Models Distributed Transaction Management Distributed Concurrency Control Distributed 2 PL Timestamp Ordering Optimistic Concurrency Control Deadlock May 2003 Yangjun Chen 91

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Distributed Databases: Review Phenomena description P 1 dirty read (transaction can read data that is not committed) P 2 nonrepeatable read (transaction can read the same row twice, and it could be different) P 3 phantom May 2003 Yangjun Chen 103

Distributed Databases: Review Phenomena occurs? May 2003 P 1 P 2 P 3 serializable no no no repeatable read no no yes read committed no yes read uncommitted yes yes Yangjun Chen 104