Disposition Alternatives Diversion Programs CommunityBased Alternatives Custodial Alternatives
Disposition Alternatives Diversion Programs Community-Based Alternatives Custodial Alternatives
Review • Why is Prevention Attractive? • Why is Prevention Difficult? • Types of Prevention – Primary – Secondary – Tertiary • Targets for Change?
Primer in Evaluation • What are the goals of the program? • How do you demonstrate these goals?
Basic Experimental Design RA Or Match Control Group Experimental Group “Traditional” Intervention
Diversion Programs • What exactly is “Diversion? ” • What is theory behind diversion? • Does Diversion “work? ”
Examples of Diversion • • • Run by private company or social services Youth Bureau Services Police Programs Teen Courts Scared Straight
Research on Scared Straight Type Programs (1968 -1992)
What can we conclude? • Text Book – “Nothing Works” – Only “perfect society” (economic equality, end to racism, etc. ) will substantially reduce delinquency – “Radical Non-Intervention”
Dispositional Alternatives • Nominal • Conditional – Intermediate Sanctions • Custodial
History of Probation • John Augustus • Emergence of Probation – 1878 MA first to adopt probation (for juveniles only) – By 1938, 37 states have juvenile and adult probation – By 1954, all states have juvenile probation
Current Juvenile Probation • • Probation as a “catch basin” Authority of Judge Functions of Probation Process – Deferred Adjudication vs. Sentence of Probation
Probation II • Caseloads • Conditions • Revocation – Due Process • Effectiveness – Compared to what?
Intermediate Sanctions • Emerged in the 1980 s—WHY? • Examples – Boot camps, Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP), electronic monitoring • Goals? • Nature of Intermediate Sanctions – What do they have in common? • Evidence (Do they “work? ”)
Custodial • Secure vs. Non-Secure • Temporary vs. Non-temporary • Private vs. Public
History • • Houses of Refuge (NY in 1825 Reformatory or Training School Cottage Style 20 th Century Changes – Abuse Uncovered, Reform Movement 1999 National Confinement Estimates – 22, 000 in nonsecure – 84, 000 in secure
Private vs. Public • Long history of privatization in juvenile corrections – Mom and Pop type vs. CCA • Duluth Area – Public Detention? – Private Detention?
Temporary • Generally – Little/no programming, confine mix of juveniles • Shelter Care • Detention Centers • Foster Homes
Non-secure • What does non-secure mean? • Examples – Group Homes – Wilderness Programs – Ranches or Forestry Camps
Secure • Training Schools (or other names) – Large variation in state level populations – Some analogous to state prisons • Different security levels – Some treatment oriented • Paint Creek Youth Center (Minimum Security) – Public versus Private? • Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)
Aftercare (Parole) • State Variation in Systems – Most states indeterminate x parole board – Others determinate x early release possible
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