Discuss with your table Which questions did you

Discuss with your table: • Which questions did you feel most strongly about, and why? – Do others in your group agree with you about those questions? • Be prepared to share out… • Affirmative action: The policy of providing special opportunities for, and favoring members of, a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination.

1. Free Write 2. Think/Pair/Share • Is there racial segregation in the American public school system today?

Civil Rights & Brown v. Board

Definitions • De jure segregation – Segregation mandated by law – When public facilities are legally declared to be segregated • De facto segregation – Segregation that is not legally mandated but happens anyway – Segregation of neighborhoods, facilities, etc.

Background: Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws • State and local laws in the South between 1876 and 1965 • Limited African-Americans’ rights – Tried to limit voting – No inter-marriage – Mandated segregation • Schools • Public transportation • Restrooms

Mini Free-Write: Jim Crow Laws • What effects do you think these laws would have on African-Americans?

• What were the 2 types of segregation we discussed yesterday? • What is one example of each? WARM UP QUESTION

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 • Homer Plessy was told he would have to move to a “colored” car on a train – Refused & was arrested • Supreme Court’s ruling: – Separate but equal – Upheld racial segregation

14 th amendment • Provides a definition of citizenship: • “Persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States” • Every citizen gets “equal protection of the laws”

Supreme Court Background • It does NOT make laws. • It only interprets the constitutionality of previously made laws. • For instance, the Brown v. Board decision does not make public school segregation illegal. Instead, it says laws that segregate schools are unconstitutional, and therefore void.

5. NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Wanted to end segregation

6. Thurgood Marshall • Lawyer for the NAACP • Head of Legal Defense Fund

7. Status of Black schools in the south under segregation • Atlanta, GA: 1948 -9. – $228. 05 for blacks, $750 for whites – 36. 2 black children per classroom, 22. 6 white children per classroom • In Clarenden, Virginia: 1950 s – Three black schools for 808 black students – Two white schools for 276 white students – Black schools lacked running water, some without electricity • Curriculum – In white schools, students could take biology, typing, and bookkeeping – In black schools, students could take agriculture and home economics.

Linda Brown • 7 years old • Registered for school at Sumner School in Topeka, Kansas

Brown vs. Board • The Brown family sued to protest the segregation of schools • The decision in this case was one of the most important Supreme Court decisions of all time • The decision also kicked off the Civil Rights Movement

Key Evidence: From Dr. Kenneth Clark • • • Dr. Kenneth Clark studied children’s beliefs about race Thurgood Marshall used this as his key evidence in the Brown case Watch the clip: 1. Explain the experiment 2. Explain why it might help Marshall make his case http: //www. youtube. com/wat

The Decision • Read the decision aloud • Then answer the questions with a partner – You should each write the answers on your own paper

Brown v. Board of Education 1954 & 1955 • Excerpts from the unanimous opinion by Chief Justice Earl Warren. • …Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments…Today it is a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to adjust normally to his environment. In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. .

Brown v. Board of Education 1954 & 1955 • In this case, there are findings that the Negro and white schools involved have been equalized, or are being equalized, with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries of teachers, and other "tangible" factors. Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on merely a comparison of these tangible factors in the Negro and white schools involved in each of the cases. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education. • To separate them [children in grade and high schools] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone. .

Brown v. Board of Education 1954 & 1955 • We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs are. . . deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. • Full implementation of these constitutional principles may require solution of varied local school problems…The courts will require that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance with our May 17, 1954, ruling…The burden rests upon the defendants to establish that such time is consistent with good faith compliance of the law.

Brown v. Board of Education 1954 & 1955 • To that end, the courts may consider problems related to administration, arising from the physical condition of the school plant, the school transportation system, personnel, revision of school districts and attendance areas into compact units to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schools on a nonracial basis. • . . . [T]he cases are remanded to the District Courts to take such proceedings and enter such orders and decrees consistent with this opinion as are necessary and proper to admit to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed the parties to these cases.

Brown v. Board questions 1. What are the 2 key lines from this decision? 2. If white and black schools had equal ‘tangible’ factors – buildings, resources, quality of teachers – would segregation be legal according to the Supreme Court? Why or why not? 3. Can you find any weaknesses in the courts’ decision? 4. What will the Brown v. Board decision be always remembered for?

Significance of Brown v. Board • Separate but equal is inherently unequal • Beginning of the end of segregation • Kicks off Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King on segregation: “There at least three basic reasons why segregation is evil. The first reason is that segregation inevitably makes for inequality… Segregation sears the soul of both the segregated and the segregator…It gives the segregated a false sense of inferiority and the segregator a false sense of superiority. It ends up depersonalizing the segregated…this is why segregation is utterly evil and utterly un-Christian. ”

Think/Pair/Share • What reactions did you think Southerners would have had to Brown v. Board?

Emmett Till

Today’s Goals We will understand: • The case of Emmett Till • Why he is so significant

“Through the Wire” by Kanye West …I drink a boost for breakfast, and ensure for dessert Somebody ordered pancakes I just sip the sizzurp That right there could drive a sane man bizzerk Not to worry y'll Mr. H 2 the Izzo's back to wizzerk How do you console my mom or give her light support When you telling her your sons' on life support And just imagine how my girl feel On the plane scared as hell that her guy look like Emmett Till She was with me before the deal she been trying to be mine She a delta so she been throwing them Dynasty signs

• What is the significance of Emmett Till?

• Emmett Till was born in Chicago in 1941. • In 1955, Emmett (aged 14) went to spend the summer with family in Money, Mississippi

Emmett Till • Flirted with a white woman at a grocery store • Some said he whistled at her • Others said he tried to talk to her • Four days later, the woman’s husband, Roy Bryant, and his half brother J. W. Milam kidnapped Emmett

Emmett Till • They brutally beat him • Took him to the edge of the Tallahatchie River, shot him in the head • Fastened a large metal fan used for ginning cotton to his neck with barbed wire • Drowned his body in the river.

• Mamie Till • Funeral decision • Significance

Till’s Funeral

Emmett Till’s Funeral Photo

The Nation’s Response

Responses Across the Country

What is the significance of the Emmett Till case, according to each of these writers?

Directions • Perform a close reading of Docs A-C • Take notes, annotate and draw conclusions about each author’s perspective • Then answer questions 1 -3 on the back

Document A Western Union Telegram September 6, 1955 To: J. Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI From: Lester Banks, Los Angeles, California The world will regard America's sense of justice as a hollow mockery if the white men who brutally lynched young Emmett Till in Mississippi are not punished. I do not mean Mississippi justice. There is as much justice in Mississippi as in Communist Russia. This case legally falls under your jurisdiction and should be prosecuted in a federal court as Emmett Till's civil rights were violated.

Document B September 11, 1955 To: Mr. Gerald Chatham, Hernando, Miss. From: J. S. Connelly, Morehouse Gin Company, Morehouse, Missouri Dear Mr. Chatham: We have a case that needs careful handling. Certain features, sticking out like a sore thumb, demand consideration if justice is to be done. (a) The little nigger asked for it and got precisely what was coming to him…. (c) Mrs. Bryant's husband his kinsmen are her natural protectors from insult and injury. Those men deserve honor, not blame, for doing their duty. Even if they actually killed the little darkey, which has not yet been shown, a verdict of Justifiable Homicide would be in order.

Document C Postcard Postmarked September 8, 1955, Chicago, Illinois To: Dist. Attorney Gerald Chatham, Hernando, Mississippi, Prosecutor From: Anonymous That nigger…was trying to show the Southerners how "tough" their kind from Chicago could be and got just what he deserved…It's good to know that the Southerners still try to protect their women. The niggers up here have nothing else but rape and crime in their minds.

The Trial • The men were arrested and tried in a segregated courthouse in Sumner, Mississippi • The men were acquitted after the all-white jury deliberated for 67 minutes Roy Bryant, J. W. Milam

The Confession We took him and we was just gonna whip him, scare some sense into him. Back of the house is a tool shed. Two rooms about 12 feet square. We walked him in there and took turns smashing him across the head with the 45. First my brother, then me, then him, then me. We put him back in the truck. We knew what we was going to do. There's a spot about a mile and a half from the bridge where the banks are steep. It was just the spot. I held up the gun. I fired and the Chicago boy twisted around and caught it right in his ear. We tied the gin fan to his neck with barbed wire and rolled his body into 20 feet of muddy water. For three hours that morning we had a big old fire in the yard. Damn if that nigger didn't have crepe sole shoes. You know hard they are to burn?

Bob Dylan • Wrote a song called “The Death of Emmett Till” Question: • According to Dylan, what is the significance of Emmett Till? – Use a quote from the song to support your answer.

Summary Question What is the significance of the Emmett Till case to the Civil Rights Movement?

Think/Pair/Share • What progress has been made since Till’s death? • Is there still this type of racism in America today? – Either in terms of people being targeted for violence – Or in the court system?

After Brown Put the following ideas IYN: Brown I to Brown II section: • Notes about the various reactions to the decision Applying Brown in K-12 Public Schools section: • The primary response to Brown in the South • How judges were complicit • The main points of the “Southern Manifesto” • How soon desegregation happen

Exit Card • 1. What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown vs. Board of education? • 2. What was the Court’s reasoning in Brown?

Youtube clips • • Simple Justice clip http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=85 EC_n. Dlp. Y&NR=1 • 20/20 clip http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=MTYn 1 WRCuo. U&NR=1

Types of School Segregation Define: 1. De jure segregation: “From the law” – segregation as required by law 2. De facto segregation: “In fact” – segregation that happens informally as a result of social or economic factors

De Facto segregation • http: //maps. webfoot. com/Race. Overlays. ph p