Discrete working memory Discrete working memory Delay Discrete

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Discrete working memory

Discrete working memory

Discrete working memory Delay

Discrete working memory Delay

Discrete working memory

Discrete working memory

Discrete working memory

Discrete working memory

Discrete working memory Green cue Delay Red cue 27 27 Spike rate (Hz) 0

Discrete working memory Green cue Delay Red cue 27 27 Spike rate (Hz) 0 -15 Delay 0 Time (sec) 15 30 0 -15 Data from inferotemporal cortex Fuster and Jervey, Science (1981) 0 15 Time (sec) 30

Spatial working memory

Spatial working memory

Spatial working memory Direction of monkey's gaze

Spatial working memory Direction of monkey's gaze

Spatial working memory

Spatial working memory

Spatial working memory Delay

Spatial working memory Delay

Spatial working memory

Spatial working memory

Spatial working memory

Spatial working memory

Data from Funahashi et al. (1989) J. Neurophysiol. 61: 331

Data from Funahashi et al. (1989) J. Neurophysiol. 61: 331

Parametric Working Memory and Sequential Discrimination Experiments by group of R. Romo et al.

Parametric Working Memory and Sequential Discrimination Experiments by group of R. Romo et al. , UNAM Nature 399: 470 (1999), Cereb. Cort. 13: 1196 (2003)

Choose f 1 > f 2 f 1 f 2

Choose f 1 > f 2 f 1 f 2

or f 2 > f 1 f 2

or f 2 > f 1 f 2

base delay f 1(Hz) 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 Rastergram: Trial-averaged firing

base delay f 1(Hz) 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 Rastergram: Trial-averaged firing rate Firing rate (Hz) 30 Tuning curve of memory activity Firing rate (Hz) 0 0. 5 Time (sec) 18 5 3. 5 Romo et al. Nature 1999 (from Miller et al. Cerebral Cortex 2003) 10 Stimulus, f 1 (Hz) 34

Delay activity in PFC ties the task together Firing rates Primary somatosensory cortex: Number

Delay activity in PFC ties the task together Firing rates Primary somatosensory cortex: Number of tuned neurons Secondary somatosensory cortex: Premotor cortex: Prefrontal cortex: Romo et al. Philos Trans Roy Soc: Biol, 2002

Network model: firing rate curve (mean-field theory)

Network model: firing rate curve (mean-field theory)

Network model: firing rates with weak feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current Rate=f(I) I

Network model: firing rates with weak feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current Rate=f(I) I Rate I=f(Rate)

Network model: firing rates with weak feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current I(app) Rate=f(I)

Network model: firing rates with weak feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current I(app) Rate=f(I) I Rate I=f(Rate)

Network model: firing rates with strong feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current

Network model: firing rates with strong feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current

Network model: Bistability from strong feedback

Network model: Bistability from strong feedback

Network model: firing rates with strong feedback Firing rate curve Total current I(app) Rate=f(I)

Network model: firing rates with strong feedback Firing rate curve Total current I(app) Rate=f(I) I Rate I=f(Rate)

Network model: Bistability from strong feedback

Network model: Bistability from strong feedback

Network model: recurrent excitation = pool of tens to hundreds of self-exciting neurons

Network model: recurrent excitation = pool of tens to hundreds of self-exciting neurons

Network model: bistability from recurrent excitation Input spikes here Memory activity

Network model: bistability from recurrent excitation Input spikes here Memory activity

Stability increases exponentially with number of neurons in pool Miller and Wang, Chaos 2006

Stability increases exponentially with number of neurons in pool Miller and Wang, Chaos 2006 cf Miller et al, PLOS Biol. 2005

Network model: Continuous attractor with moderate feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current W Rate=f(I)

Network model: Continuous attractor with moderate feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current W Rate=f(I) I Rate I=f(Rate)

Network model: Continuous attractor with moderate feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current I(app) Rate=f(I)

Network model: Continuous attractor with moderate feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current I(app) Rate=f(I) I Rate I=f(Rate)

Network model: Continuous attractor with moderate feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current I(app) Rate=f(I)

Network model: Continuous attractor with moderate feedback Firing rate curve Feedback current I(app) Rate=f(I) I Rate I=f(Rate)

The Delay Spiral Frustrated Annoyed Apathetic Puzzled DelayThe Delay Spiral Frustrated Annoyed Apathetic Puzzled Delay
Lecture 20 Delay Test n n n DelayLecture 20 Delay Test n n n Delay
Information Delay 951610 Information Delay The reasons forInformation Delay 951610 Information Delay The reasons for
Delay Chip Prototype Delay Chip Test Board JoanDelay Chip Prototype Delay Chip Test Board Joan
DATA COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES Delay Distortion Delay Distortion ADATA COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES Delay Distortion Delay Distortion A
Propagation Time Delay Rising propagation delay time PropagationPropagation Time Delay Rising propagation delay time Propagation
TIME DELAY Different Options What Is Time DelayTIME DELAY Different Options What Is Time Delay
Delay Fault Simulation with Bounded Gate Delay ModelDelay Fault Simulation with Bounded Gate Delay Model
TIME DELAY Different Options What Is Time DelayTIME DELAY Different Options What Is Time Delay
Linear Delay Model In general the propagation delayLinear Delay Model In general the propagation delay
Propagation Time Delay Rising propagation delay time PropagationPropagation Time Delay Rising propagation delay time Propagation
Oneway Delay Measurement Based on Reference Delay draftliippmrefdelaymeasurement00Oneway Delay Measurement Based on Reference Delay draftliippmrefdelaymeasurement00
Longterm Memory Explicit memory Episodic Memory Semantic MemoryLongterm Memory Explicit memory Episodic Memory Semantic Memory
Memory Training Memory sensory memory vs shortterm memoryMemory Training Memory sensory memory vs shortterm memory
MEMORY ORGANIZATION Memory Hierarchy Main Memory Auxiliary MemoryMEMORY ORGANIZATION Memory Hierarchy Main Memory Auxiliary Memory
Review Systems of Memory Declarative Memory Working memoryReview Systems of Memory Declarative Memory Working memory
Memory Day 2 Sensory memory and working memoryMemory Day 2 Sensory memory and working memory
Discrete Log 1 Discrete Logarithm Discrete log problemDiscrete Log 1 Discrete Logarithm Discrete log problem
DISCRETE PROBABILITY Discrete Mathematical Structures professor DISCRETE PROBABILITYDISCRETE PROBABILITY Discrete Mathematical Structures professor DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES Discrete random variable A discreteDISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES Discrete random variable A discrete
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Crosstask Prediction of Working Memory Performance Working MemoryCrosstask Prediction of Working Memory Performance Working Memory
Working Memory And Case Studies Working Memory ModelWorking Memory And Case Studies Working Memory Model
Working Memory II Working memory executive control andWorking Memory II Working memory executive control and