Discovering Instrument Flight Discovering Instrument Flight Early Intentions

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Discovering Instrument Flight

Discovering Instrument Flight

Discovering Instrument Flight

Discovering Instrument Flight

Early Intentions JIC 1 -8 • First airmail planes had no navigation equipment and

Early Intentions JIC 1 -8 • First airmail planes had no navigation equipment and few instruments • 40 airmen hired by airmail, 31 killed © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

LF/MF Four-Course Ranges (1927) • Beacons were established to allow four courses • The

LF/MF Four-Course Ranges (1927) • Beacons were established to allow four courses • The system did not allow pilots to fly in clouds © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -8

Jimmy Doolittle JIC 1 -8 • Assigned to Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of

Jimmy Doolittle JIC 1 -8 • Assigned to Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics • Given the task of solving instrument flight issues • Found Elmer Sperry who harnessed power of Gyroscopes to build flight instruments • Hires Paul Kollsman who developed an altimeter that was accurate within a few feet © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Elmer Sperry JIC 1 -9 • Artificial Horizon • Directional Gyro © 2015 Coast

Elmer Sperry JIC 1 -9 • Artificial Horizon • Directional Gyro © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

First “Blind Flight” • Blind takeoff • 15 minute flight • Navigated on a

First “Blind Flight” • Blind takeoff • 15 minute flight • Navigated on a beam • Made fully blind landing © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -9

No Charts JIC 1 -10 • Pilots used road maps for navigation • Followed

No Charts JIC 1 -10 • Pilots used road maps for navigation • Followed railroad tracks when visibility was limited • “Hugging the UP” (Union Pacific) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Elrey B. Jeppesen • Airmail Pilot • Began recording routes in a black notebook

Elrey B. Jeppesen • Airmail Pilot • Began recording routes in a black notebook • Climbed hills, smokestacks, and water towers on his days off • Wrote down safe letdown procedures © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -10

The First Charts JIC 1 -10 • Word circulated about Elrey’s Notebook • Pilots

The First Charts JIC 1 -10 • Word circulated about Elrey’s Notebook • Pilots began asking for Jeppesen’s Notebook • Demand became so great he entered the chart publishing business in 1934 © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

A Brief History of Instrument Flying 1914 • First Scheduled Airline In USA •

A Brief History of Instrument Flying 1914 • First Scheduled Airline In USA • St. Petersburg to Tampa 1927 1929 • Boeing receives first Transcon. Airmail Route • Jimmy Doolittle Makes first “blind flight” 1918 1928 • First Airmail Route (NYC to DCA) • Edwin A. Link develops the Link Trainer, the first simulator © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -3, 4

Is IFR Necessary? • It’s essential to the progression of your career • Maximize

Is IFR Necessary? • It’s essential to the progression of your career • Maximize utility of aircraft • Become a more rounded pilot • Understand both worlds of flying • VFR vs. IFR • IMC vs. VMC • Increased safety © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -11

Weather Accidents ASIAS • Fact: NTSB cites weather as a factor in 3 out

Weather Accidents ASIAS • Fact: NTSB cites weather as a factor in 3 out of 10 fatal accidents • Fact: 88% of the Weather Accidents between 2003 and 2007 were Part 91 flights • Fact: You are 10 times more likely to be in an accident when you have 100 -200 hours of total time • Therefore: Flying requires great meteorological responsibility and a tremendous respect for the elements 2003 -2007 Weather-Related Accident Study (ASIAS. FAA. gov) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Weather Accidents Part 135 Accidents by Type Fog 33% ASIAS Below Approach/Landing Minimums 4%

Weather Accidents Part 135 Accidents by Type Fog 33% ASIAS Below Approach/Landing Minimums 4% San/Dust Storm 2% Low Ceiling 26% Whiteout 9% Clouds 17% Obscuration 9% 2003 -2007 Weather-Related Accident Study (ASIAS. FAA. gov) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

The Instrument Rating Caution Obj. Op. • Even if the weather is below VFR

The Instrument Rating Caution Obj. Op. • Even if the weather is below VFR minima, the Instrument Rating is not the answer to all flying situations • Remember: An airplane doesn’t have to go up, but it must come down. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Requirements for Instrument Rating • Part 61 • Part 141 • This is what

Requirements for Instrument Rating • Part 61 • Part 141 • This is what Coast falls under © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -13

Part 61 Requirements 14 CFR • Part 61. 65 (d): Aeronautical experience for the

Part 61 Requirements 14 CFR • Part 61. 65 (d): Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane rating. • (1) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and • (2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-airplane rating, and the instrument time includes: • (i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and • (ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facility, and that involves— • (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility; • (B) An instrument approach at each airport; and • (C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Part 141 Requirements JIC 1 -13 • Part 141, Appendix C: Aeronautical experience for

Part 141 Requirements JIC 1 -13 • Part 141, Appendix C: Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane rating. • (1) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and • (2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-airplane rating, and the instrument time includes: • (i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and • (ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facility, and that involves— • (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility; • (B) An instrument approach at each airport; and • (C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Training for the Instrument Rating Obj. Op. • Can be difficult if not organized

Training for the Instrument Rating Obj. Op. • Can be difficult if not organized properly and the student or instructor is not motivated • Meeting the minimum requirements does not mean you are ready for the practical test © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Ground Flying JIC 1 -14 • Part of the Training can be accomplished in

Ground Flying JIC 1 -14 • Part of the Training can be accomplished in a Flight Simulator, Flight Training Device, or PCATD. • At Coast we have a Redbird Advanced Aviation Training Device certified under 141. 41(b) • This means we can use it for up to 40% of total flight training • Highlight FAR 141, Appendix C: (4)(a)(2)(b)(3) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Maintaining Your Instrument Rating JIC 1 -16 • In addition to the VFR recent

Maintaining Your Instrument Rating JIC 1 -16 • In addition to the VFR recent experience requirements you will have to meet the IFR ones © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Instrument Currency • Highlight FAR 61. 57 (c) • 6 instrument approaches within preceding

Instrument Currency • Highlight FAR 61. 57 (c) • 6 instrument approaches within preceding 6 months • Holds • Intercepts • Tracking • MNEMONIC: 66 HIT © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -16

What if Currency Lapses? • Highlight FAR 61. 57 (d) • Airman has 6

What if Currency Lapses? • Highlight FAR 61. 57 (d) • Airman has 6 months to log the 6 approaches with the help of a safety pilot (no IMC) • In reality, you can go 1 year without flying IFR, then go into IMC • Is this safe? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. JIC 1 -16

Instrument Currency JIC 1 -16 • Each block represents one month Checkride = Current

Instrument Currency JIC 1 -16 • Each block represents one month Checkride = Current IPC © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. = Not Current 6 Approaches

Question 1 • Does this airman’s currency lapse? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All

Question 1 • Does this airman’s currency lapse? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. uar y Jan ber Dec em ber Nov em r obe Oct tem Sep gus t ber July e Jun y Ma Apr il h Ma rc rua Feb 6 Approaches Au Jan uar y ry 6 Approaches

Question 2 • Does this airman’s currency lapse? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All

Question 2 • Does this airman’s currency lapse? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. ber Nov em r obe Oct ber Sep tem ust Aug Jun e July y Ma il Apr h 6 Approaches Ma rc rua Feb Jan uar y ry 6 Approaches

References • JIC Jeppesen Instrument/Commercial: Guided Flight Discovery • ASIAS 2003 -2007 Weather-Related Accident

References • JIC Jeppesen Instrument/Commercial: Guided Flight Discovery • ASIAS 2003 -2007 Weather-Related Accident Study (ASIAS. FAA. gov) • 14 CFR Federal Aviation Regulations • Obj. Op. Objective Opinion © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.