DISCOURSE ASPECTS OF INTERLANGUAGE ROD ELLIS 1997 LINDA

DISCOURSE ASPECTS OF INTERLANGUAGE, ROD ELLIS 1997 LINDA WIDI 2201410022 DANIK CAHYANINGRUM 2201410024 AYU NETA 2201410025

The study of learner discourse in SLA has been informed by two rather different goals: • Attempts to discover how L 2 learners acquirethe ‘rules’ of discourse that inform native-speaker language use. • To show interaction shapes interlanguage development.

Acquiring discourse rules ü American English: a compliment usually calls for a response and failure. Furthermore, compliment responses are usually quite elaborate. ü L 2 learners: sometimes fail to respond a compliment at all or they produce bare responses.

The role of input and interaction in L 2 acquisition Ø A behaviourist view treats language learning as environmentally determined. Ø A mentalist theories emphasize the importance of the learner’s ‘black box’. Ø Interactionist theories of L 2 acquisition acknowledge the importance the both input and internal language processing.

q. One question that can be asked is whether the discourse in which learners participate is in any way different from the discourse native speakers engage in. If learner discourse can be shown to have special properties it’s possible that these contribute to acquisition in some way.

q. Foreigner talk, the language that native speakers use when addresing non-native speaker. Ungrammatical foreigner talk is characterized by the deletion of certain grammatical features such as copula be, modal verb and articles, the use of the base form of the verb in place of the past tense form and the use of the special constructions such as ‘no+verb’.

q. Various types of modification of baseline talk (i. e. the kind of talk native speakers address to other native speakers) can be identified : 1. First, grammatical foreigner talk is delivered at a slower pace. 2. Second, the input is simplified. 3. Third, grammatical foreigner talk is sometimes regularized 4. Fourth, foreigner talk sometimes consists of elaborated language use

Type of Talk Baseline talk Example You won’t forget to buy the ice cream on your way home, will you? Ungrammatical foreigner No forget buying icetalk cream, eh? Grammatical foreigner talk The ice-cream- You will not forget to buy it on your way home – Get it when you are coming home. All right?

• Learners can signal that they have not understood. The result in interactional modifications as the participants in the discourse engage in the negotiation of meaning

q There is plenty evidance to suggest that modified interaction of this kind is common in learnear discourse. Hiroki : A man is uh. dringking c-coffee or tea with uh the saucer of the uh uh coffee set is uh in his uh knee. Izumi : in him knee Hiroko : uh on his knee Izumi : yeah Hiroko : on his knee Izumi : so sorry, on his knee

q. According to Stephan Krashen’s input hyphothesis, L 2 acquisition takes place when a learner understands input that contains grammatical forms that are at ‘i +I’. According to Krashen, then, L 2 acquisition depends on comprehensible input.

q. Michael Long’s interaction hypothesis also emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input but claims that it is most effective when it is modified through the negotiation of meaning. As the interaction between Hiroko and Izumi illustrates, learners often receive negative evidence.

q. The relationship between modified interaction and L 2 acquisition is clearly a complex one. Another perspective on the relationship between discourse and L 2 acquisition is provided by Evelyn Hatch.

q. Hatch emphasizes the collaborative endeavours of the learnears and the interlocutors inconstructing discourse and suggest that syntactic structures can grow out of the process of building discourse. One way is through scaffolding. Mark : come here Homer : no come here

q. Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, to explain how interaction serves as the bedrock of acquisition. The two key construtsc in what is known as ‘activity theory’, based on Vygotsky’s ideas, are motive and internalization. I

THE ROLE OF OUTPUT IN L 2 ACQUISITION q. Krashen argues that speaking is the result of acquisition not its. Merrill Swain has argued that comprehensible output also plays a part in L 2 acquisition.

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