Disciplinary Spanking by Parents Den A Trumbull M
Disciplinary Spanking by Parents Den A. Trumbull, M. D. Disciplinary Spanking
Disciplinary Spanking by Parents Just the Facts Den A. Trumbull, M. D. Disciplinary Spanking
Disciplinary Spanking by Parents I. III. IV. V. VII. Brief Overview Definitions Supporting Medical Literature Opposing Medical Literature Application of Spanking Myths about Spanking Conclusions Disciplinary Spanking
I. Overview Disciplinary Spanking
I. Overview n Used by 80 to 90% parents with their preschool children today Disciplinary Spanking
I. Overview n n Used by 80 to 90% parents with their preschool children today Supported by most primary care physicians today Disciplinary Spanking
I. Overview n n n Used by 80 to 90% parents with their preschool children today Supported by most primary care physicians today Had wide acceptance among professionals until last two decades Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Act Physical Abuse Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Act Spanking Physical Abuse Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Act Spanking Physical Abuse Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Violence: physical force intended to injure or abuse Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Violence: physical force intended to injure or abuse Attitude Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Violence: physical force intended to injure or abuse Attitude With love & concern Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Violence: physical force intended to injure or abuse Attitude With love & concern With anger & malice Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Violence: physical force intended to injure or abuse Attitude With love & concern With anger & malice Effect Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Violence: physical force intended to injure or abuse Attitude With love & concern With anger & malice Effect Behavioral correction Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Physical Abuse Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Beating: striking repeatedly, kicking, punching, choking Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Violence: physical force intended to injure or abuse Attitude With love & concern With anger & malice Effect Behavioral correction Emotional & physical injury Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Act Spanking: one or two spanks to the buttocks Intent Training: to correct problem behavior Attitude With love & concern Effect Behavioral correction Physical Abuse Non-accidental injury inflicted by a parent or care giver Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Corporal Punishment bodily punishment of any kind Spanking Planned disciplinary measure administered by a parent Physical Abuse Non-accidental injury inflicted by a parent or care giver Disciplinary Spanking
II. Definitions Disciplinary Spanking Adjunctive corrective measure n Mainly to enforce primary measures n Also for deliberate and persistent problem behavior n For children: 18 months to 6 years n Planned action, not a reaction n Follow a Procedure n Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature n Long Term Efficacy n Short Term Efficacy Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature n Long Term Efficacy – Baumrind Study n Short Term Efficacy Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study n n A study of families with children ages 4 to 9 years over a ten year period Identified three parenting styles on a continuum of behavioral control: Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study n n A study of families with children ages 4 to 9 years over a ten year period Identified three parenting styles on a continuum of behavioral control: 1. Authoritarian Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study n n A study of families with children ages 4 to 9 years over a ten year period Identified three parenting styles on a continuum of behavioral control: 1. Authoritarian 2. Authoritative (Balanced) Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study n n A study of families with children ages 4 to 9 years over a ten year period Identified three parenting styles on a continuum of behavioral control: 1. Authoritarian 2. Authoritative (Balanced) 3. Permissive Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Parenting Styles Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Parenting Styles Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Parenting Styles Control Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Excessive Moderate Little Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Parenting Styles Control Nurturance Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Excessive Moderate Little Much Little Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Parenting Styles Control Nurturance Spanking Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Excessive Moderate Little Much Little Excessive Moderate Rare Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Parenting Styles Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Excessive Moderate Little Much Little Spanking Excessive Moderate Rare Outcome Poor Optimal Poor Control Nurturance Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Findings Children of authoritative parents were the most socially responsible and selfassertive n Authoritative parents favored corporal punishment over other negative sanctions n Corporal punishment was effective and harmless n Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Baumrind Study Findings The total pattern of parental control determined the effects of the disciplinary responses n Punishment was an effective means of controlling behavior n Permissive parents admitted to attacks of rage over their child’s misbehavior n Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature n Long Term Efficacy – Baumrind Study n Short Term Efficacy Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature n Long Term Efficacy – Baumrind Study n Short Term Efficacy – Roberts Studies Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Roberts Studies n n In randomized clinical field trials studying timeout, the spank procedure was: – One of the two most effective back up procedures – Preferred by mothers, i. e. . most practical The spank procedure is recommended in popular parenting texts Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Clinical Field Trials n Provide Significant Data on Effectiveness of Spanking – Well designed field studies • not surveys of correlation or vague measures Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Clinical Field Trials n Provide Significant Data on Effectiveness of Spanking – Well designed field studies • not surveys of correlation or vague measures – Spanking controlled non-compliance with Time -out • Similar to other non-compliant behavior Disciplinary Spanking
III. Supporting Literature Clinical Field Trials n Provide Significant Data on Effectiveness of Spanking – Well designed field studies • not surveys of correlation or vague measures – Spanking controlled non-compliance with Time -out • Similar to other non-compliant behaviors – Effectiveness of time-out is crucial to success Disciplinary Spanking
IV. Opposing Literature Disciplinary Spanking
IV. Opposing Literature Quantity Disciplinary Spanking
IV. Opposing Literature Quantity n Few Provide Clinical Analysis Disciplinary Spanking
IV. Opposing Literature Quantity n Few Provide Clinical Data – 83% of 132 articles were editorial or commentary, devoid of empirical data* – No detrimental effects from spanking * Lyons J, Anderson R, Larson D. “The Use and Effects of Physical Punishment in the Home: A Systematic Review. ” AAP Meeting, Nov. 1993. Disciplinary Spanking
IV. Opposing Literature Quality Use broad definition for corporal punishment n Do not focus on young children n Correlational, not causal n Do not verify uniformity of application n Disciplinary Spanking
IV. Opposing Literature Quality (continued) Ignore important variables – parental Nurturance – comparison with other responses – parent and child temperament n Rely upon the measure of frequency of spanking n Disciplinary Spanking
V. The Application Spanking is necessary to maintain an authoritative approach n A parent’s disciplinary responses are very limited with young children n Reason and explanation are ineffective with young children n Disciplinary Spanking
V. The Application Discipline under Five Years* Behavior Disciplinary Measures Appropriate Praise Mildly Inappropriate Ignore Aggressive, Dangerous Time-Out and other Inappropriate *Blum NJ, et al. Disciplining children: verbal instruction and reasoning. Pediatrics. 1995; 96(2): 336 -341. Disciplinary Spanking
V. The Application n Time-out has its limitations, depending upon setting and the child’s temperament n Spanking is most useful and effective for ages 18 months to 6 years Disciplinary Spanking
V. The Application Guarendi Study Overview Project of Children’s Hospital of Akron, Ohio n Goal: to discover secrets of “excellent” parents who reared outstanding children n Winning teachers chose most outstanding students they had taught n Disciplinary Spanking
V. The Application Guarendi Study Findings n n 70% of these “excellent” parents used some physical punishment Most used spanking between 18 months and 6 years Spanking was neither the main method nor a lastditch intervention The occasions when spanking was used: – Dangerous behavior – Deliberate disobedience – Disrespectful behavior Disciplinary Spanking
V. The Application Guarendi Study Conclusions n Excellent parents are willing to use spanking n Spanking is not child abuse n Spanking does not cause psychological dysfunction n One need not spank to be a good parent Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths “Spanking teaches children to hit” n n No supporting evidence in medical literature Quality of parenting is most important – Simons study • 332 families • impact of corporal punishment quality of parenting • aggression, delenquency, well-being Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths Simons study Findings • Strong association with Quality of Parenting • No association with Corporal Punishment Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths “Spanking teaches children to hit” (Continued) n n No supporting evidence in medical literature Quality of parenting is most important Proper procedure Young children will naturally hit Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths “Spanking teaches children to use power to resolve conflict” n n n Parents of young children routinely use power Some degree of power is necessary for proper control Power exerted in love is well received Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths “Spanking is violence” n n n Definition: “the exertion of physical force so as to injure or abuse” Neither the intent nor result is violence Terminology for propaganda purposes Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths “Spanking causes agressive behavior in children” n n n Supporting research includes abusive physical punishment Good studies of parenting indicate otherwise Review of longitudinal studies shows the association is insignificant Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths Punishment and Aggression “Upon follow-up 10 years after the original data collection, we found that punishment of aggressive acts at the earlier age was no longer related to current aggression, and instead, other variables like parental nurturance and children’s identification with their parents were more important in predicting later aggression. ” Eron LD. Theories of Aggression. 1994 Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths “Spanking is an expression of parental frustration and anger” Most parents do not spank on impulse n No correlation between frequency of spanking and anger of parent n Spanking on impulse is not proper n Anger can be greater without spanking n Disciplinary Spanking
VI. Spanking Myths “Spanking leads a parent toward child abuse” n n n The practices are far apart statistically Pediatricians have not observed a connection Parental child abuse is an interactive process There is no established link between the two The abuse risk may be higher for parents who don’t The Swedish experiment is failing Disciplinary Spanking
Corporal Punishment in Sweden* A decline in use of corporal punishment preceded the 1979 law. * Ziegert KA. Swedish prohibition of corporal punishment. 1983 Disciplinary Spanking
Child Abuse in Sweden* * Statistics Sweden. 1995 Disciplinary Spanking
VII. Conclusions The debate has become emotional and political n Most parents and physicians support selective use of spanking n Disciplinary spanking has proven efficacy n There is no link between spanking and child abuse n Disciplinary Spanking
VII. Conclusions Effects of spanking are determined by the total pattern of parental control n Spanking is a necessary option in implementing authoritative parenting n Without spanking a parent may be at greater risk of abusing n Disciplinary Spanking
VIII. Conclusions Medical, Psychological, & Legislative policymakers should: Neither ignore nor condemn a parent’s use of spanking n Promote the authoritative (balanced) parenting approach n Offer guidelines for appropriate spanking to parents who choose to use it n Disciplinary Spanking
- Slides: 76