Directional and Anatomical Location Terminology Sports Medicine Injuries

Directional and Anatomical Location Terminology

Sports Medicine Injuries Learning Targets • Unit 1 – Anatomical Directions and Movement Terminology – I can define terminology used to describe anatomical locations. – I can differentiate between the cardinal anatomical planes. – I can define terminology used to describe anatomical movements. – I can describe anatomical locations using correct medical terminology. – I can apply anatomical movement terminology to specific anatomical actions.

Anatomical Position • Anatomical position – Standard reference point • Body standing erect (upright) • Facing forward • Arms at side • Palms and toes directed forward

Reference Positions • Fundamental position – Similar to anatomical position – Arms more relaxed – Palms face inward • Relative angle – Included angle between two segments

Cardinal Planes • Sagittal – Left and right halves – Mediolateral axis – Midsagittal plane • Frontal (coronal) – Front and back halves – Anteroposterior axis • Transverse (horizontal) – Upper and lower halves – Longitudinal axis • Many other planes exist

• Cranial / Superior • Caudal / Inferior

• Anterior: • Posterior:

• Ventral: • Dorsal:

• Superficial • Deep

• Medial: • Lateral:

• Distal: • Proximal:

• Ipsilateral – on the same side • Contralateral – on opposite sides

Flexion & Extension • Flexion – Decreasing joint angle • Extension – Increasing joint angle • Hyperflexion – Flexion beyond normal range • Hyperextension – Extension beyond normal range

Abduction & Adduction • Abduction – Moving away from midline • Adduction – Moving toward midline • Hyperabduction – Abduction past 180° point • Hyperadduction – Adduction past 0° point

Movement Descriptors • Circumduction: – Movement in a conic fashion – Combination of flex, ext, abd, add, IR, ER

Movement Descriptors • Inversion – Lift medial edge of foot • Eversion – Lift lateral edge of foot

Movement Descriptors • Plantarflexion – Increase angle between foot and shank • Dorsiflexion – Decrease angle between foot and shank

Movement of the Scapulae • Elevation – raising the scapula (shrug) • Depression – lowering the scapula

Movement of the Scapulae • Protraction – move scapulae apart • Retraction – move scapulae together

Movement of the Scapulae • Upward rotation – bottom of scapula moves away from trunk • Downward rotation – return to normal

Other Movement Descriptors • Horizontal adduction – Combination of flexion and adduction • Horizontal abduction – Combination of extension and abduction

Other Movement Descriptors • Rotation – Medial (internal) or lateral (external) – Right/left for head and trunk – Shoulder or hip

Other Movement Descriptors • Medial/Internal Rotation: rotation of the bone inward around the long axis of the bone

Other Movement Descriptors • Lateral/External Rotation: rotation of the bone outward around the long axis of the bone

Specialized Movement Descriptors • Lateral Flexion: – Head or trunk only – Example: head tilts sideways

Specialized Movement Descriptors • Supination – turn palms frontward • Pronation – turn palms backward • Radial flexion – hand toward thumb • Ulnar flexion – hand toward little finger • Opposition – Thumb to little finger

Movement Descriptors of the Foot • Plantarflexion – Increase angle between foot and shank • Dorsiflexion – Decrease angle between foot and shank • Inversion – Lift medial edge of foot • Eversion – Lift lateral edge of foot

Pronation and Supination of the Foot • Pronation and supination of the feet are not the same as inversion and eversion • Pronation of the foot – Dorsiflexion at the ankle – Eversion in the tarsals – Abduction of the forefoot • Supination of the foot – Plantarflexion at the ankle – Inversion in the tarsals – Adduction of the forefoot

Specialized Movement Descriptors • Anterior Tilt • Posterior Tilt • Lateral Tilt

Degrees of Freedom • Degree of freedom – Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move • 1 degree of freedom – Uniaxial – Example: Elbow • 2 degrees of freedom – Biaxial – Example: Wrist • 3 degrees of freedom – Triaxial – Example: Shoulder

Planes of Movement Sagittal Frontal Transverse Directions and Positions Superior Inferior Posterior Anterior

Directions and Positions Proximal Distal Medial Lateral Superficial Deep

Movements of the Body Spine and Thorax (vertebral column) Neck (cervical spine)

Ribs/Thorax Customize text here…

Scapula (scapulothoracic joint)

Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Elbow and Forearm (humeroulnar and humeroradial joints – elbow, proximal and distal radioulnar joints – forearm)

Wrist (radiocarpal joint)

Thumb (first carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints) Fingers (metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints)

Mandible (temporomandibular joint) Pelvis

Hip (coxal joint)

Knee (tibiofemoral joint)

Ankle, Foot and Toes (talocrural, talotarsal, midtarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints)

Types of Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint Ellipsoid Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Pivot Joint