Diplomatic immunity Who are diplomats Are special delegates

Diplomatic immunity Who are diplomats? -Are special delegates of nations to conduct their affair externally. --they are considered as sanctity or special. --are honored personalities -- have a special right or protection from the host country called diplomatic immunity

§ -there have been a number of cases where diplomats have been killed § After 1961 Vienna convention on diplomatic relations, diplomatic rights where established and formalized. § If a diplomat does commit a serious crime while in a host country he may be declared as unwanted person. Then Such diplomats are then often tried for the crime in their homeland. In times of hostility, diplomats are often withdrawn for reasons of personal safety

Diplomacy and espionage § What does espionage or spying means? § Diplomacy is closely linked to espionage or gathering of intelligence. § What does embassy means? § Embassies are bases for both diplomats and spies § some diplomats are essentially openly acknowledged spies. Legally or illegally § The information gathered by spies plays an increasingly important role in diplomacy.

Diplomatic resolution of problems § There are some basic processes and procedures for resolving contentions or disputes at the international arena § 1. Arbitration and mediations § What is arbitration and/ mediation? § Arbitrator § Mediator § Historically there was no official or formal procedures § today, much of this work is often carried out by the International Court of Justice at the Hague

2 Conferences § Other times, resolutions were sought through the convening of international conferences. § participants are expected to guide themselves through principles of international fairness, logic, and protocol. § International law is applicable here § Examples § A. Congress of Vienna § B. The Congress of Berlin

3. Negotiations § What is negotiation? § What makes negotiation different from arbitration and mediation? § Sometimes nations convene official negotiation processes to settle an issue or dispute § For examples § Camp David accord

Diplomatic recognition § What are the main or basic elements of the state? § Diplomatic recognition is an important factor in determining whether a nation is an independent state or not. § Receiving recognition is often difficult, even for countries which are fully sovereign. § Examples Kosovo, and Somaliland

Informal diplomacy § Informal diplomacy is sometimes called Track II diplomacy) has been used for centuries to communicate between powers. § Track II diplomacy is a specific kind of informal diplomacy, in which non-officials (academic scholars, retired civil and military officials, public figures, social activists) engage in dialogue, with the aim of conflict resolution or for the purpose of achieving national interest § Sometimes governments may fund such Track II exchanges. Sometimes the exchanges may have no connection at all with governments, or may even act in defiance of governments; such exchanges are called Track III.

A. Para diplomacy § Para diplomacy refers to the international relations conducted by sub national, regional, local or non-central governments. § Especially co-operation between bordering political entities. § However, interest of federal states, provinces, regions etc, must be take in to account § Some non-central governments may be allowed to negotiate and enter into agreement with foreign central states.

B. Cultural diplomacy § Cultural diplomacy is a part of diplomacy. § It involves new non governmental and non professional actors in the making of diplomacy. § In the frame of globalization, culture plays a major role § Joseph Nye points out the importance of having a soft power besides a hard power.

C. Small state diplomacy § What does a small state means? § Small states are particularly affected by developments which are determined beyond their borders such as climate change, water security and shifts in the global economy. § Diplomacy is the main vehicle by which small states are able to ensure that their goals are addressed in the global arena.

National interest § Is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, political, social or cultural. § Is the interest of a state, usually as defined by its government. § The national interest of a state is multifaceted, can be socio political or economic, but its priority vary or differ from nation to nation.

History of the concept § Formerly the national interest was usually viewed as secondary to that of religion or morality. § The first advocator of national interest is Niccolò Machiavelli. § The practice is first seen as being employed by France § States could now openly embark on wars purely out of self-interest. Mercantilism can be seen as the economic justification of the aggressive pursuit of the national interest. § The League of Nations = collective security

The Concept today § Today, the concept of "the national interest" is often associated with political Realists § considerable disagreement exists in every country over what is or is not in "the national interest, " the term is as often invoked to justify isolationist and pacifistic policies as to justify interventionist or warlike policies. § To day all nation sakes to promote their own national interest, though its type is differ or vary

Determinants of States' Foreign Policies § There are different factors which determines the foreign policy of states § A. Power § the ability to persuade others to do things that they would not do ordinarily unless pressured to do so. § A small group that is well organized may exercise considerable influence even without large sums of money.

B. Inequalities of State Power § States of the world vary greatly in power. § They may be categories into superpowers like US § Major powers (EU--Germany, France, United Kingdom; Japan, Russia, China, and India § Middling powers (Israel, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, Spain, Republic of South Africa, Brazil, Argentina) § Minor or small powers (Serbia, Denmark, Cuba). § N. B The global state system has been dominated by the great powers and their foreign policies.

C. Objectives of Foreign Policy § The objectives of states vary greatly but all states seek to preserve themselves, maintain their independence, and security. § What is needed to be addressed determined what type of policies to be designed or formulated § N. B it is particular to nations.

D. Leadership § Leaders and the elites who support them help to shape the foreign policy of countries. § the aggressive tendencies of a leader are clearly limited by the power base available. § In making decisions, leaders must take account of two categories of determinants that impact on their foreign policies. These are the global or external and the internal or domestic influences.

1. Global or External Influences § A. Geopolitics § It matters where on the globe a country is located. § SSL>>> size, shape and location Size----- big or small Shape---- compact, fragmented, or elongated § Location---- land locked or has free access to the sea

What are the other ♣ Population --- quantity and quality ♣ Natural resource endowment = water body = soil type ------ availability and utilization B. Relative Position within the Global system… economic and Political C. world organizations and international law D. world public opinion E. policies and actions of others

2. Internal or Domestic Influences states' § Focus attention "on variations in attributes § Military Capabilities. Size of military, Equipment, Training, Leadership, Nuclear or non-nuclear capabilities. § Economic Capabilities Stages of Industrialization and Type of Economy Type of Government: democratic or not, party system

Bases of State Power § National Power depends on many variables, such as: § Location of the state--coastal or landlocked § Size--large or small territory § Population--large or small § Natural Resources--oil, iron ore, forests, etc. § Technology-developed or under-developed § § Type of Government--dictatorship or democracy § Type of Economy--market or centrally planned § Size and Equipment of Military--nuclear or conventional

Idiosyncratic Factors § Will and Leadership § Morale of Military § Degree of Popular Support § Nature of Friends and Allies § Nature of Foes and Enemies § N. B The linkage between domestic and international determinants of foreign policy has long been a widely debated topic in the field of international relations, and foreign policy analysis in particular.

Foreign Policy Goals (Objectives) 1. National Security: Primary priority of any government, both internally and externally 2. Establishing free and open trade; to make the country beneficiary 3. National development i. e. development in socio-political, economic and cultural aspects 4. Image building 5. Providing aid to people in need 6. Self extension 7. National pride. . . defending the country’s culture, history and the like.

N. B. Broadly speaking foreign policy objectives can be divided in to three A. Core objectives: - they are very essential, needs highest priority and immediate implementation. Example: territorial integrity and security of citizens B. Middle range objectives: - needs not immediate or very long time for implementation. Example: national development C. Long range objectives: - need a long period of time for implementation. Example: the need to be the leader of the Security Council

Foreign Policy orientations A. Isolationism is debated political topic. Isolationism is a foreign policy orientation adopted by a nation in which the country refuses to enter into any alliances, foreign trade or economic commitments, or international agreements in hopes of focusing all of its resources into advancement within its own borders while remaining at peace with foreign countries It refers; abstaining, nonparticipation , noninterventionism or non-interaction aimed at being self reliant.

B. Neutralism § Neutralism or a "neutralist policy" is a foreign policy position wherein a state intends to remain neutral in future wars. N. B Neutrality 1. The state or policy of being neutral, especially nonparticipation in war. 2. The state or character of being neutral, esp. in a dispute, contest, etc. 3. Nonparticipation in a dispute or war 4. Non-engagement, non-involvement, nonparticipation - withdrawing from the activities of a group tolerance attributable to a lack of involvement 5. Tolerance - willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others

C. Alliance An alliance is an agreement or friendship between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common interests. D. Non –alignment The political attitude of a state that does not associate or identify itself with the political ideology or objective espoused by other states, groups of states. It does not preclude involvement, but expresses the attitude of no pre-commitment to a particular state

Instruments of foreign policy 1. Peaceful (Non-violent means) A. Diplomacy … the act of peacefully persuading others for the sake ones own benefit. B. Economic instrument >> Soft economy… aid C. International law… through being adherent to the international laws nations can promote world peace or can conduct foreign

2. Non peaceful (Violent means) A. Economic instrumen >> Hard economy… embargo and sanction B. Power and its multi facets C. Propaganda … is information, ideas, or rumors that are deliberately, and widely, spread to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation. Propaganda is at its best when there is a war going on. N. B Propaganda means spreading false information, ideas, or rumors to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc. Is a biased info in favor of the point the publisher of the propaganda

Actors in foreign Policy making process A. Executive branch of government 1. political executive 2. bureaucratic executive B. Legislative branch of government C. Political opposition parties D. Interest groups E. National security offices( the Intelligence Agency)