DIPLOMA Ayurvedic Practitioners Course Module 5 7 th

DIPLOMA Ayurvedic Practitioners Course Module 5 7 th – 11 th December 2019 2

Arbuda (Cancer)

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Figures from Cancerresearchuk. org

All cancers

Breast cancer

Stomach cancer

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective • Cancer development:

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective • cancerous cells can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue, including organs • cancer sometimes begins in one part of the body and spreads to other areas (metastasis)

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective • In the UK, the four most common types of cancer are: • • breast cancer lung cancer prostate cancer bowel cancer • There are more than 200 different types of cancer, and each is diagnosed and treated in a particular way

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Breast cancer • most common type of cancer in the UK • most diagnosed are over 50 • one in eight women are diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime • good chance of recovery if detected early • women advised to check their breasts regularly for changes

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Symptoms of breast cancer • a lump or area of thickened breast tissue • change in the size or shape of one or both breasts • discharge from either of your nipples, which may be streaked with blood • a lump or swelling in either of your armpits • dimpling on the skin of your breasts • a rash on or around your nipple • a change in the appearance of your nipple, such as becoming sunken into your breast

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Causes of breast cancer • Exact causes not fully understood • Factors known to increase the risk of breast cancer. • age • family history • previous diagnosis • previous non-cancerous (benign) breast lump • being tall, overweight or obese • drinking alcohol

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Breast cancer screening • Mammographic screening (X-ray images of the breast) • Mammogram can fail to detect some breast cancers • Women with a higher-than-average risk of developing breast cancer may be offered screening and genetic testing • Women 50 - 70 years old invited for screening every 3 years

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Treating breast cancer Breast cancer is treated using a combination of: • Surgery • Chemotherapy • Radiotherapy • If breast cancer is discovered after it's spread to other parts of the body = metastatic breast cancer • Secondary / metastatic cancer is not curable, only symptomatic relief available

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Lung cancer • one of the most common and serious types of cancer • 44, 500 people are diagnosed with the condition every year in the UK • Signs and symptoms: • • • usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages a persistent coughing up blood persistent breathlessness unexplained tiredness and weight loss an ache or pain when breathing or coughing

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Types of lung cancer • primary lung cancer = begins in the lungs • Secondary lung cancer = cancer that spreads to the lungs from another place in the body • 2 main types of primary lung cancer: • non-small-cell lung cancer – the most common type, accounting for more than 80% of cases; can be either squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or large-cell carcinoma • small-cell lung cancer – a less common type that usually spreads faster than non-small-cell lung cancer

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Who's affected • most commonly diagnosed in people aged 70 -74 • smoking is the main cause (accounting for over 85% of cases) Treating lung cancer • Treatment depends on • type of cancer • how far it's spread • general health of patient • Early diagnosis & cells confined to small area – surgery to remove affected area • If surgery unsuitable due to general health - radiotherapy to destroy the cancerous cells • If the cancer has spread too far – chemotherapy

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Prostate cancer • most common cancer in men in the UK • 40, 000 new cases diagnosed every year • develops slowly, so there may be no signs for many years • symptoms often only become apparent when prostate is enlarged causing: • increased need to urinate • straining while urinating • feeling that bladder has not fully emptied What is the prostate? • small gland in the pelvis found only in men • size of a satsuma • located between the penis and the bladder and surrounds the urethra • main function is to help in the production of semen

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Causes • Causes largely unknown • most cases develop in men aged 50 or older • more common in men of African-Caribbean or African descent, and less common in men of Asian descent Tests for prostate cancer • no single test for prostate cancer • most commonly used: • blood tests • physical examination of prostate (known as a digital rectal examination or DRE) • biopsy • blood test, known as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, measures the level of PSA and may help detect early prostate cancer

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Treatment • For many treatment is not immediately necessary • At an early stage and not causing symptoms - policy of "watchful waiting" • surgically removing the prostate • radiotherapy • hormone therapy • At a later stage when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, typically the bones, it cannot be cured • All treatment options carry the risk of significant side effects • erectile dysfunction • urinary incontinence • Newer treatments, such as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or cryotherapy, aim to reduce these side effects

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Bowel cancer • general term for cancer that begins in the large bowel • depending on where the cancer starts, bowel cancer is sometimes called colon or rectal cancer • one of the most common types of cancer diagnosed in the UK • most people diagnosed with it are over the age of 60 Symptoms of bowel cancer • persistent blood in the stools – that occurs for no obvious reason or is associated with a change in bowel habit • a persistent change in your bowel habit – which usually means going more often, with looser stools • persistent lower abdominal (tummy) pain, bloating or discomfort – that's always caused by eating and may be associated with loss of appetite or significant unintentional weight loss

Arbuda (Cancer) The Allopathic perspective Tests • simple examination of stomach and bottom for lumps • simple blood test to check for iron deficiency / anaemia – this can indicate whethere's any bleeding from your bowel Causes of bowel cancer • Causes unknown • Risk factors: • • age – almost 9 in 10 cases of bowel cancer occur in people aged 60 or over diet – a diet high in red or processed meats and low in fibre can increase your risk weight – bowel cancer is more common in people who are overweight or obese exercise – being inactive increases your risk of getting bowel cancer alcohol and smoking – a high alcohol intake and smoking family history – having a close relative (mother or father, brother or sister Other disorders - extensive ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease in the colon for more than 10 years

Arbuda (Cancer) The Ayurvedic perspective • ‘Arbuda’ = tumour (closely related to cancer) • Arbuda = in Sanskrit means “millions of” – giving indication of causes • It can refer to: • millions of roots • millions of worries • millions of problems

Arbuda (Cancer) The Ayurvedic perspective • Cancer occurs due to: • Cancer is result of battle between tejas (aura of pitta) and ojas (immunity) • When pitta is increased - Tejas is contaminated and thus corrupted • Corrupted tejas attacks the ojas / natural immunity • Result is irreversible formation of cells unrecognisable by ojas / natural immunity • Irreversible cell formations are what is called cancer

Arbuda (Cancer) The Ayurvedic perspective Rasa Rakta Mansa Medas Asthi Majja Sukra OJAS

Arbuda (Cancer) The Ayurvedic perspective • Ojas = immunity made by the superior nourishment and the final product of the dhatu • Ojas has the nature of kapha • Ojas is produced by: • kapha food (alkaline food) & • positive emotions of kapha (sattwa quality) eg. Prema (universal love), compassion, kindness

Autoimmune disorders

Auto-immune diseases The Allopathic perspective What is an autoimmune disease? • A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body • It releases proteins called auto-antibodies that attack healthy cells • Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. (Type 1 diabetes damages the pancreas) • Other diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affect the whole body

Auto-immune diseases The Allopathic perspective Why does the immune system attack the body? • Exact causes are unknown Suspected risk factors: • Gender – According to research, women get autoimmune diseases at a rate of about 2 to 1 compared to men (6. 4 percent of women vs. 2. 7 percent of men) • Ethnicity – some autoimmune diseases are more common in certain ethnic groups. (Eg. lupus affects more African-American and Hispanic people than Caucasians) • Inherited susceptibility - Not every family member will necessarily have the same disease, but they inherit a susceptibility to an autoimmune condition (Eg. MS & lupus) • Environmental factors – Eg. infections and exposure to chemicals • Diet – Western diet (eg. high-fat, high-sugar, and highly processed foods may be linked to inflammation, which triggers immune response) • Hygiene hypothesis – due to vaccines and antiseptics, children have lack of exposure to germs which makes immune system prone to overreaction

Auto-immune diseases The Allopathic perspective 1. Type 1 diabetes • The pancreas produces insulin, to regulate blood sugar levels • The immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas • High blood sugar results can damage blood vessels, heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves 2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Immune system attacks the joints. • This attack causes inflammation, redness, heat, pain, and stiffness in the joints 3. Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis • Psoriasis causes skin cells to multiply too quickly forming inflamed red patches, commonly with silver-white scales of plaque on the skin • 30% psoriasis sufferers also develop psoriatic arthritis - swelling, stiffness, and pain in their joints

Auto-immune diseases The Allopathic perspective 4. Multiple sclerosis • MS damages the myelin sheath, the protective coating that surrounds nerve cells. Damage to the myelin sheath slows the transmission speed of messages between your brain and spinal cord to and from the rest of your body. • Symptoms can be numbness, weakness, balance issues, and trouble walking. The disease comes in several forms that progress at different rates. 5. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) • The systemic form, which is most the common affects many organs, including the skin, the joints, kidneys, brain, and heart. • Joint pain, fatigue, and rashes are among the most common symptoms. 6. Inflammatory bowel disease • Conditions that cause inflammation in the lining of the intestinal wall. Each type of IBD affects a different part of the GI tract. • Crohn’s disease can inflame any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. • Ulcerative colitis affects only the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Auto-immune diseases The Allopathic perspective 7. Addison’s disease • Affects the adrenal glands, which produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone as well as androgen hormones. Insufficient cortisol affects use and storage of carbohydrates and sugar (glucose) in the body. Deficiency of aldosterone will lead to sodium loss and excess potassium in the bloodstream. • Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and low blood sugar. 8. Graves’ disease • Attacks the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormones, which control metabolism • Excessive production of these hormones increases the body’s activities, causing symptoms like nervousness, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, and weight loss. • Symptoms - bulging eyes, called exophthalmus. 9. Sjögren’s syndrome • Attacks the glands that provide lubrication to the eyes and mouth • symptoms - dry eyes and dry mouth, also can affect the joints or skin

Auto-immune diseases The Allopathic perspective 10. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis • Thyroid hormone production slows to a deficiency • symptoms include weight gain, sensitivity to cold, fatigue, hair loss, and swelling of the thyroid 11. Myasthenia gravis • Affects nerve impulses that help the brain control the muscles. • Most common symptom is muscle weakness that gets worse with activity and improves with rest. Often muscles that control eye movements, eyelid opening, swallowing, and facial movements are involved. 12. Autoimmune vasculitis • Immune system attacks blood vessels causing inflammation and narrows the arteries and veins, allowing less blood flow

Auto-immune diseases The Allopathic perspective 13. Pernicious anaemia • Causes deficiency of a protein, made by stomach lining cells, known as intrinsic factor - for the small intestine to absorb vitamin B 12 from food 14. Celiac disease • When gluten is in the small intestine, the immune system attacks this part of the gastrointestinal tract and causes inflammation

Auto-immune disorders The Ayurvedic perspective • Auto-immune disorders are the result of battle between tejas (aura of pitta) and ojas (immunity) • When pitta is increased – ojas can attack the corrupted tejas • In the case of auto-immune disorders, ojas wins the battle and suppresses any rise of tejas / pitta all the time • Eventually ojas / immunity loses the power to discriminate between corrupted and uncorrupted tejas • So ojas attacks tejas indiscriminately • Result is auto-immune disorder • Eg. Natural killer cells attacking the foetus