DINOFLAGELLATES I PHYLOGENY ALVEOLATES Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans ALVEOLATES

DINOFLAGELLATES

I) PHYLOGENY

“ALVEOLATES” Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans

ALVEOLATES

Alveoli “Amphiesma”

PHYLOGENY MODEL I

PHYLOGENY MODEL II

II) NATURAL HISTORY

13 Symbiodinium Karenia HABITAT 7 Pfiesteria Ceratium 37 Peridinium

ENDOSYMBIONTS: “ZOOXANTHELLAE” 17 16 Symbiodinium

NUTRITION Heterotrophy Autotrophy

PISCIVORES 23 Pfiesteria 22

6 Red Tide Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning

Projectiles

BIOLUMINESCENCE 15

Light Detection 40

III) ARCHITECTURE

“Shells” 2

Dinoflagellate Growth Forms Dinokont Desmokont 5

“Grooves”: Cingulum and Sulcus 3

Flagellae: Transverse and Longitudinal

Transverse Flagellum (Axoneme, Striated Filament = Centrin Filament) Fig. 7. 8 in Lee 1999

Longitudinal Flagellum (Axoneme, R-Fiber) Fig. 7. 6 in Lee 1999

Alveolus (Including Thecal Plates) Amphiesma Fig. 11 -1 Graham and Wilcox 2000

4 Thecal Plates, Sutures

Thecate vs. Non-Thecate Dinoflagellates

Growth in Thecate Dinoflagellates

Pusule Fig. 7. 10 in Lee 1999 Function: (? )

“Ejectiles”: Trichocysts Fig. 11 -26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Fig. 7. 14 in Lee 1999

“Ejectiles”: Mucocysts Fig. 11. 15 in Graham et al. 2008

“Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”) Fig. 11. 16 in Graham et al. 2009 49

42 Eyespot: Unbound by Dedicated Membrane Katodinium (Cytoplasmic) Figs. 11. 35, 11. 36 in Graham et al. 2008 Woloszynskia (Within Plastid) 43

Eyespot: Bound by Three Membranes Peridinium

Ocellus 40 Fig. 11 -20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup) (Hyalosome surrounded by Mitochondria, Fibers that Change shape of “Lens”) Fig. 11. 38 in Graham et al. 2008

Bioluminescence Fig. 11. 32 in Graham et al. 2008

Bioluminescence 44

Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource Pyrocystis Day Night Daily Migration of Scintillons

Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource Day Night Lingulodinium Daily Destruction/Nightly Synthesis

“Dinokaryon”: Nucleus Fig. 11. 24, 11. 26 in Graham et al. 2008

“Dinokaryon”: Chromosomes Figs. 11. 21 in Wilcox et al. 2008

NUTRITION 27 25 28 24 26

Heterotrophy: Phagocytosis / Engulfment 45 Noctiluna

Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes (Phagopods) Figs. 11 -29, 11 -30 in Wilcox et al. 2008

Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes (Peduncle) Fig. 11. 28 in Wilcox et al. 2008

Heterotrophy: Feeding Veils (Pallium) Fig. 3. 5 in Wilcox et al. 2008

46 Autotrophy: Plastids, Pigments “Peridinin Plastid” Fig. 11. 34 in Wilcox et al. 2008 47

Peridinin Plastids: Pigments Chlorophyll a Peridinin Chlorophyll c

Peridinin Plastids: Rubisco “Normal” Rubisco in Peridinin Plastid

Origin of Peridinin Plastid? Hypothesis 1 Rhodophyte (Red Alga) Hypothesis 2 Stramenopile (Brown Alga)

Other Stable and/or Temporary Plastids Cryptomonad 47 Haptophyte Diatom Chlorophyte (Green Alga)

Pyrenoids, Storage Products Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like structure). © Mona Hoppenrath Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. © Gert Hansen

Nutrition: Mixotrophy Heterotrophy Particulate Carbon Dissolved Carbon (POC) (DOC) • Phagotrophy • Feeding Tubes • Osmotrophy Autotrophy • Photosynthesis

Asexual Reproduction Prorocentrum

Mitosis/ Cytokinesis Fig. 8 -2, 11 -31 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Mitosis, Cytokinesis Figs. 11 -34, 11 -36 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Sexual Reproduction (Planozygote, Hypnozygote) Fig. 11 -40 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Importance of Cysts (Dormant Forms) Fig. 11 -41 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

A Typical (? ) Dinoflagellate Life Cycle

Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA) 30 29 Adnatosphaeridium Hystrichosphaeridium

• New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in Precambrian (600 MYA) to Cenozoic rock samples. • Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates. Moldowan et al. 1996. Hemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors. Geology: 159 -162.

Blooms

Neurotoxins a) Saxitoxins b) Brevetoxins Na+ “Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning”

Cytotoxins c) Okadaic Acid “Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning”

Moral of the Story

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