DINOFLAGELLATES I PHYLOGENY ALVEOLATES Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans ALVEOLATES
- Slides: 67
DINOFLAGELLATES
I) PHYLOGENY
“ALVEOLATES” Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans
ALVEOLATES
Alveoli “Amphiesma”
II) NATURAL HISTORY
13 Symbiodinium Karenia HABITAT 7 Pfiesteria Ceratium 37 Peridinium
ENDOSYMBIONTS: “ZOOXANTHELLAE” 17 16 Symbiodinium
NUTRITION Heterotrophy Autotrophy
PISCIVORES 23 Pfiesteria 22
6 Red Tide Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
Projectiles
BIOLUMINESCENCE 15
Light Detection 40
III) ARCHITECTURE
“Shells” Epicone Hypocone 2
Dinoflagellate Growth Forms Dinokont Desmokont 5
“Grooves”: Cingulum and Sulcus 3
Flagellae: Transverse and Longitudinal
Alveolus (A Sac, including any Thecal Plates) Amphiesma (all the sacs) Fig. 11 -1 Graham and Wilcox 2000
4 Thecal Plates, Sutures
Thecate vs. Non-Thecate Dinoflagellates
Growth in Thecate Dinoflagellates
Pusule (Tubes Confluent with Cell Membrane that Open to Cell Exterior) Fig. 7. 10 in Lee 1999 Function: (? )
“Ejectiles”: Trichocysts Fig. 11 -26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Fig. 7. 14 in Lee 1999
“Ejectiles”: Mucocysts Fig. 11. 15 in Graham et al. 2008
“Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”) Fig. 11. 16 in Graham et al. 2009 49
42 Eyespot: Unbound by Dedicated Membrane Katodinium (Cytoplasmic) Figs. 11. 35, 11. 36 in Graham et al. 2008 Woloszynskia (Within Plastid) 43
Eyespot: Bound by Three Membranes Peridinium
Ocellus 40 Fig. 11 -20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup) (Hyalosome surrounded by Mitochondria, Fibers that Change shape of “Lens”) Fig. 11. 38 in Graham et al. 2008
Bioluminescence Fig. 11. 32 in Graham et al. 2008
Bioluminescence 44
Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource Pyrocystis Day Night Daily Migration of Scintillons
Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource Day Night Lingulodinium Daily Destruction/Nightly Synthesis
“Dinokaryon”: Nucleus Fig. 11. 24, 11. 26 in Graham et al. 2008
“Dinokaryon”: Chromosomes Figs. 11. 21 in Wilcox et al. 2008
NUTRITION 27 25 28 24 26
Heterotrophy: Phagocytosis / Engulfment 45 Noctiluna
Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes (Phagopods) Figs. 11 -29, 11 -30 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes (Peduncle) Fig. 11. 28 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Heterotrophy: Feeding Veils (Pallium) Fig. 3. 5 in Wilcox et al. 2008
46 Autotrophy: Plastids, Pigments “Peridinin Plastid” Fig. 11. 34 in Wilcox et al. 2008 47
Peridinin Plastids: Pigments Chlorophyll a Peridinin Chlorophyll c
Peridinin Plastids: Rubisco “Normal” Rubisco in Peridinin Plastid
Origin of Peridinin Plastid? Hypothesis 1 Rhodophyte (Red Alga) Hypothesis 2 Stramenopile (Brown Alga)
Other Stable and/or Temporary Plastids Cryptomonad 47 Haptophyte Diatom Chlorophyte (Green Alga)
Pyrenoids, Storage Products Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like structure). © Mona Hoppenrath Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. © Gert Hansen
Nutrition: Mixotrophy Heterotrophy Particulate Carbon Dissolved Carbon (POC) (DOC) • Phagotrophy • Feeding Tubes • Osmotrophy Autotrophy • Photosynthesis
Asexual Reproduction Prorocentrum
Mitosis/ Cytokinesis Fig. 8 -2, 11 -31 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Mitosis, Cytokinesis Figs. 11 -34, 11 -36 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Sexual Reproduction (Planozygote, Hypnozygote) Fig. 11 -40 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Importance of Cysts (Dormant Forms) Fig. 11 -41 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
A Typical (? ) Dinoflagellate Life Cycle
Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA) 30 29 Adnatosphaeridium Hystrichosphaeridium
• New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in Precambrian (600 MYA) to Cenozoic rock samples. • Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates. Moldowan et al. 1996. Hemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors. Geology: 159 -162.
Blooms
Neurotoxins a) Saxitoxins b) Brevetoxins Na+ “Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning”
Cytotoxins c) Okadaic Acid “Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning”
Moral of the Story
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