Dimensions of Societal Culture Globe Study Performance Orientation

Dimensions of Societal Culture (Globe Study) • Performance Orientation: the extent to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence. • Future Orientation: the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in futureoriented behaviours (e. g. planning, investing in the future, delaying gratification). • Assertiveness: Assertiveness Toughness, confrontation, competitiveness (vs. modesty, tenderness) 17 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

Dimensions of Societal Culture (Globe Study) • Institutional Collectivism: Collectivism Societal emphasis. The extent to which society favours, cooperative, vs individualistic behaviour • In-Group Collectivism: Collectivism Taking pride in one’s membership in smaller groups such as family, circle of close friends, employer • Genter Egalitarianism: Egalitarianism Males and females expected to behave differently and be treated differently (vs. accepting gender neutral behavior) 18 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

Dimensions of Societal Culture (Globe Study) • Humane Orientation: Orientation Support of human beings including generosity, concern and friendliness • Power Distance: Distance Recognizing and showing respect for people and groups with greater authority, prestige, status, material possessions than oneself • Uncertainty Avoidance: Avoidance Practices adopted to avoid the uncertainty existing 19 among societal members Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS OF SOCIETAL CULTURE AND RANKING OF GREECE IN THE GLOBE SAMPLE OF 61 COUNTRIES GLOBE RESULTS IN GREECE (N = 61 COUNTRIES) Societal Culture Dimension Society As Is Country Ranking (N=61) Society Should be Country Ranking (N=61) Difference between As is & Should be Score Rank Score Performance Orientation Future Orientation 3. 20 61 5. 81 40 2. 61 3. 40 51 5. 19 48 1. 79 Assertiveness 4. 58 59 2. 96 57 -1. 62 Institutional Collectivism: Gender Egalitarianism Humane Orientation Power Distance 3. 25 61 5. 40 5 2. 15 3. 48 27 4. 89 16 1. 41 3. 34 59 5. 23 49 1. 89 5. 40 21 2. 39 52 -3. 01 In-group Collectivism: Uncertainty Avoidance 5. 27 35 5. 46 42 0. 19 3. 39 57 5. 09 17 1. 70 20 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

GLOBE RESULTS IN GREECE (N = 13 E. U. COUNTRIES) Society As Is Score Country Ranking (N=13) Rank Society As Is Score Performance Orientation Future Orientation 3. 20 13 5. 81 8 3. 40 12 5. 19 5 Assertiveness 4. 58 2 3. 21 12 Institutional Collectivism: Gender Egalitarianism Humane Orientation 3. 25 13 5. 40 1 3. 48 7 4. 89 8 3. 34 11 5. 23 12 Power Distance 5. 40 4 2. 39 10 Family Collectivism: 5. 27 3 5. 46 8 Uncertainty Avoidance 3. 39 13 5. 09 1 Societal Culture Dimension Rank 21 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

Dimensions of Societal Culture Relevant to HRM in Greece • • Performance Orientation Future Orientation In-Group Collectivism Power Distance 22 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

Implications of Societal Culture for HRM in Greece Performance Orientation Performance Appraisal should incorporate more objective measures & the participation of employees or same-level colleagues. In-group (Family) Collectivism Policies of employee selection at entry level, career planning, promotion and management development should follow objective, performance related criteria 27 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

Implications for HRM in Greece Future Orientation Planning needs to become more formal, more sophisticated techniques should be developed, and the need for setting and keeping deadlines should be promoted Power Distance Active support to employee participation at all levels must be ecouraged. This could also contribute to better planning and implementation of organisational goals. 28 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή

CULTURE CHANGE (Prof. Geert Hofstede) • Being rooted in values learned before age 10, national culture differences are quite stable and pass from generation to generation • Neither politicians nor priests can change them, l alone CEO’s • What leaders can try to change is organizational practices and identities • The EU and multinationals are not kept together b shared values but by practices 29 Καθηγήτρια Νάνσυ Παπαλεξανδρή