Digital TV MPEG2 Technology MPEG 101 and PSIP

Digital TV & MPEG-2 Technology MPEG 101 and PSIP for Cable SCTE-New Jersey Chapter October 5, 2010 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc.

Basic MPEG and PSIP in Cable Triveni Digital presents Digital Television: MPEG 101 and PSIP In Cable An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 2

Let’s talk about: Digital Television DTV is more about Data Transmission. “Just so happens that some of the data being transmitted ends up as Video”. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 3

Digital Television There is much more data beside video being transmitted ! An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 4

Let’s first talk about: DTV = Data Casting Data is organized into ‘tables’ Examples: §Program Association ‘Table’ §Progam Map ‘Table’ §Conditional Access ‘Table’ §Virtual Channel ‘Table’ §Master Guide ‘Table’ §Event Information ‘Tables’ An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 5

MPEG 101 Let’s talk about some basic MPEG transport technology An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 6

MPEG 101+ An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc.

Training Overview ¬MPEG Transport Stream Basics ¬Elementary streams Packet header Encoding/Group Of Pictures PAT PMT Synchronization Buffering IP monitoring & synchronization ¬PSI Tables metadata (GOP) ¬Monitoring and Troubleshooting In The 2 nd half of this presentation: PSIP Tables metadata Static tables Dynamic tables An LG Electronics Company streams Stream. Scope architecture Typical use case Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 8

DTV Broadcast Stream ¬Special case of MPEG-2 transport stream ¬May contain multiple virtual channels Video channels ®A video stream ®One or more audio streams ®Possibly one or more data streams Audio channels ®One or more audio streams ®Possibly one or more data streams Data-only channels ®One or more data streams An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 9

MPEG-2 Transport Stream ¬Made up of 188 -byte transport packets, each with 4 byte header & 184 byte payload ¬Each packet contains any ONE kind of information– audio, video, data, PSI, … One Transport (MPEG) Packet An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 10

MPEG-2 Transport Stream (Contd. ) ¬We say transport packets have multiple interleaved elementary streams -- audio, video, data, PSI, . . . ¬Packets belonging to the same elementary stream are identified by packet id (PID) in packet header (same color in our illustrations). MPEG-2 Transport Stream These three packets are the same color. They have the same PID and belong to the same Elementary stream. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 11

MPEG-2 Transport Stream – Header Fields Noteworthy fields: 1) Sync Byte – Find packet boundary 2) PID – Used while demultiplexing stream 3) Continuity Counter – Identify packet loss 4) PCR stamp in adaptation field – Clock sync MPEG-2 Transport Stream Header (4 Bytes) Sync Byte PID 188 Bytes Continuity Counter Adaptation Field (Optional) An LG Electronics Company PES 1 x Or other Payload (Pat, PMT, PSIP, etc)………………. . . Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 12

MPEG Header Fields: Sync Byte ¬When a decoder first tunes, all it sees are a stream of 0’s and 1’s ¬The decoder must first identify the beginning of packets before it can interpret the stream ¬The decoder uses the Sync Byte field to do this 0101000111101001010100011110010111000 MPEG Data Prior to Packet Sync An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 13

MPEG Header Fields: Sync Byte (Contd. ) ¬The Sync Byte of a packet is always 0 x 47 (Hexadecimal) or 01000111 binary ¬The decoder looks for strings of zeros and ones which match the pattern of the sync byte (see red below) 0101000111101001010100011110010111000 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 14

MPEG Header Fields: Sync Byte (Contd. ) ¬Once the decoder finds a 0 x 47 in the stream, it looks 187 bytes down the stream, and looks for another 0 x 47 ¬If it finds three Sync Bytes in a row, then the Decoder has Found Sync and assumes packet boundaries from then on ¬Each packet is tested for 0 x 47 as soon as it arrives. If a packet arrives with an incorrect sync byte, the decoder starts over. This is called SYNC LOSS Found Sync 0 x 47 187 bytes Packet 188 bytes Sync Lost Packet 188 bytes An LG Electronics Company 0 x 32 11010101101010001 Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 15

MPEG Header Fields: Sync Byte (Contd. ) ¬If you don’t have Packet Sync, the decoder cannot find packet boundaries. You will not be able to decode at all ¬Packet Sync problems typically occur in hardware at packet boundaries during format converters, edge devices, demodulators etc: ASI to Gig-E ASI to Microwave or QAM Satellite to ASI An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 16

PIDs Defined - ATSC Bitstream PSIP Tables PSIP Generator PAT PMT Data channel Data Server Dataenhanced Audio/Video channel Data Server Audio/Video channel Audio Encoder Null Video Audio Data PSIP Multiplexer Video Encoder Audio Encoder Video Encoder MPEG-2 Transport Stream An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 17

PIDs Defined - Digital Cable Bitstream Video/Audio channel Audio Encoder Video Encoder Audio Encoder PAT PMT Null CAT Video Audio Multiplexer Video Encoder Audio Encoder Video Encoder MPEG-2 Transport Stream An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 18

Transport Stream Demultiplexing ¬When a set top box first receives a Transport Stream, it demultiplexes that stream based on PID. Decoder: Receiver or set top box An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 19

MPEG 101 Knowledge Check #1 Q: How many of what must the decoder see before it can begin decoding a digital video stream ? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 20

PSI Meta Data In the Stream An LG Electronics Company

‘Metadata’ ? § Data about included data, is metadata § Metadata tells the decoder which kinds of information are contained in each PID, and which PID’s go together. § For DTV, we’re interested in two kinds of metadata: Program Specific Information (PSI) - Tables in the stream defined in the MPEG standards Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP) Tables defined in ATSC A/65 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 22

PSI Tables (MPEG-2 Tables) ¬PAT - Program Association Table Appears in PID 0 x 0000 Identifies MPEG-2 programs in transport stream and gives PIDs for their PMTs The PAT is on PID 0 x 00. This is the first PID or ‘Base PID’ a MPEG decoder looks for ¬PMT - Program Map Table Identifies elementary streams in program (virtual channel), and gives their PIDs. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 23

MPEG-2 PSI Tables (Contd. ) PMT 1 Video PID 0 x 31 Audio PID 0 x 34 Audio PID 0 x 35 PCR_PID 0 x 31 x 3 ID 0 0 PAT (always on PID 0 x 0) P Station TSID PID 0 x 40 PMT 1 -> On PID 0 x 30 PMT 2 -> On PID 0 x 40 PMT 3 -> On PID 0 x 50 PID PMT 2 Video PID 0 x 41 Audio PID 0 x 44 Audio PID 0 x 45 PCR_PID 0 x 41 0 x 5 0 PMT 3 Video PID 0 x 51 Audio PID 0 x 54 Audio PID 0 x 55 PCR_PID 0 x 51 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 24

MPEG-2 PSI Tables (Contd. ) Decoder: Receiver or Set top Box “WXXX Channel Video” PID 0 x 31 “WXXX Channel Audio” PID 0 x 34 PSI PID assignments These PIDS go together An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 25

Continuity Counter An LG Electronics Company

MPEG Header: Continuity Counter ¬The continuity counter is a 4 bit field in the header which increments by 1 each time a packet comes out on a specific PID: All Packets PID 0 x 52 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 … 8 14 15 0 1 § When a PID ‘skips’ one value of the continuity Counter, we call it a ‘Continuity Error. ’ This means one or more packets were lost. Continuity Error Here All Packets PID 0 x 54 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 An LG Electronics Company 11 … Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 27

MPEG Header: Continuity Counter (Contd. ) Identifies WHEN we lose Packets, but not HOW MANY! ¬Packet loss causes many other kinds of analysis to ‘reset’ or give bogus results. ¬Any analysis based on an average over many packets will automatically reset when it encounters continuity problems. ¬Since a continuity error mean ‘some packets’ have been lost, frequent continuity errors should be one of the FIRST things you look for when debugging. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 28

Three Things to Remember ¬Three main monitoring and troubleshooting lessons: Fix Continuity Problems first ®Continuity errors create bogus alarms in other areas. ®Until you resolve the continuity problems, it will be very hard to determine if you have other problems in your stream To Be Discussed An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 29

MPEG 101 Knowledge Check #3 Q: If the continuity counter on a given PID changes from 3 to 7, how many packets have been lost? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 30

Elementary streams: Encoding Video & Audio Data An LG Electronics Company

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding MPEG Video ¬It all starts at the encoder ¬The encoder compresses baseband video & audio ¬Video is a sequence of frames ¬A frame is a single image from a video sequence ¬In USA, one frame occurs every 33 milliseconds ¬Each frame is encoded in one of three ways: An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 32

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding I Frames I-picture: intra-picture encoding, similar to jpeg encoding (exploiting spatial redundancy). ®Compressed solely on information found in the frame ®Highest amount of data of all other frame types ®‘Group Of Pictures’ always start with an I frame ®B & P frames are calculated from the I frame ®“I” stands for “Intra” coded An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 33

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding B Frames B-picture: bi-directional encoding, using motion adjusted deltas from a previous and a future frame (exploiting temporal redundancy). ®Uses Data from preceding and following I & P frames ®Depends on data before and/or after in video sequence ®Cannot calculate from another B frame An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 34

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding P Frames P-picture: predictive encoding, using motion adjusted deltas from a previous reference frame (exploiting temporal redundancy). ®Compressed using data from closest preceding I or P frame ®GOP with back-to-back P frames usually indicate fast motion An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 35

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding ¬Encoder emits sequence of encoded frames ¬Sizes of encoded frames vary ¬Encoded frames are packed into packetized elementary stream (PES) packets. ¬PES packets are packed into MPEG-2 transport packets (All packets for single video stream have same PID value) ¬Overall compression ratio is 50: 1 or more ¬Closed captioning associated with video frame is encoded here An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 36

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding Group of Pictures = GOP § § Series of frames consisting of a single ‘I’ frame with P & B frames § All frames within the GOP depend directly or indirectly on data from the I frame § § § Relationships between GOPs: Either OPEN or CLOSED A GOP begins with an ‘I’ frame and ends with last frame before the next ‘I’ frame Closed GOP is self-contained. No dependance on data outside GOP Open GOP can use data from I frame of following GOP An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 37

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding (Contd. ) Example 1. Panning Camera I-picture B-picture I-picture Example 2. Moving Object I-picture An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 38

MPEG-2 Video/Audio Encoding Typical GOP Structures I Frame 216. 6 Kb B Frame 49. 9 Kb I B B P B B I B P Frame 83. 45 Kb B P B B Typical low motion GOP sequence I Frame 183. 2 Kb P Frame 59. 9 Kb P P P I P P Frame 44. 5 Kb P P P P P Typical high motion GOP sequence An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 39

ATSC/SCTE Audio Formats ¬ATSC uses AC-3 audio encoding, with up to 6 audio channels: left, right, center, left surround, right surround, low frequency enhancement. ¬The full set is often called 5. 1 audio. ¬The sampling rate is always 48 k. Hz. ¬The encoded bit rate may be up to 384 kbps. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 40

AC-3 Audio Encoding ¬Audio frames, each 32 milliseconds in length, are encoded. ¬Encoded frame size depends only on bitrate. ¬Encoded frames are packed into packetized elementary stream (PES) packets. ¬PES packets are packed into MPEG-2 transport packets. (All packets for single audio stream have same PID value. ) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 41

MPEG 101 Knowledge Check #4 Q: In MPEG-2 video encoding, what are three video frame types called? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 42

Video and Audio Syncronization using PCR An LG Electronics Company

Audio-Video Synchronization ¬Audio, video are encoded independently, must be synchronized during play ¬MPEG has to allow for great distances AND network processing between the Encoder and Decoder and still allow for Correct Decode of the transport stream An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 44

How to Assure Audio/Video Sync? ¬In order for the audio and video Elementary Streams to remain in Sync, the Encoder Clock and the Decoder Clock must remain in sync ¬The next few slides will demonstrate how this happens and what components to check when it fails… An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 45

Encoder Inserts PCR timestamps ¬When the encoder creates streams of packets, it embeds the current value of it’s 27 MHz clock into some of the packets in the stream ¬This time reference is called the PCR: Program Clock Reference ¬MPEG demands that one PCR packet appear in the stream every 100 ms Encoder 27 Mhz Clock MPEG Packets MPEG Packet with PCR Stamp An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 46

The Encoder and Decoder Clock ¬The MPEG encoder and MPEG decoder use a 27 Mhz ‘clock’ to encode/decode incoming audio and video ¬The clock is actually a ‘counter’ which advances every 1/27000000 seconds Encoder Decoder 27 Mhz Clock 1, 2, 3, 4…. . An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 47

The Encoder and Decoder Clock ¬The MPEG encoder and MPEG decoder use a 27 Mhz ‘clock’ to encode/decode incoming audio and video ¬The clock is actually a ‘counter’ which advances every 1/27000000 seconds Encoder Decoder 27 Mhz Clock 1, 2, 3, 4…. . An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 48

The Encoder and Decoder Clock ¬The MPEG encoder and MPEG decoder use a 27 Mhz ‘clock’ to encode/decode incoming audio and video ¬The clock is actually a ‘counter’ which advances every 1/27000000 seconds Decoder Encoder 27 Mhz Clock Massive Network Processing 1, 2, 3, 4…. . An LG Electronics Company 27 Mhz Clock 1, 2, 3, 4…. . Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 49

PCR Timestamp Issue ¬What could conceptually cause PCR timestamp issues? Encoder possibly time stamped incorrectly Decoder possibly failed to consume time stamps PCR packet was accidentally lost in transmission ¬When PCR time stamps go awry, we have “PCR jitter” An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 50

PCR Jitter Defined PCR Jitter is: ¬Difference between the Actual Value of the PCR time stamped by encoder and the Expected Value of the PCR as calculated by decoder based on the clock rate and the time at which the PCR value is received. ¬PCR Jitter spec: 500 ns An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 51

PCR Rate (Frequency) Offset PCR Frequency Offset is: ¬Difference between the clock frequency calculated at decoder based on actual PCR values received an “ideal” 27 MHz clock, which is the clock rate dictated by the MPEG-2 standard ¬PCR Frequency Offset Spec: An LG Electronics Company +/- 810 Hz Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 52

PCR Intervals, Jitter and Rate PCR spec summary: ¬Transmit interval: 100 ms ¬Jitter: no more than 500 ns ¬Rate: 27 MHz +/- 810 Hz ¬Most streams seen in the field are compliant, but every now and then extreme jitter shows up. ¬Here’s Why An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 53

PCR Packet Spacing Before Muxing ¬Note the Number of Packets between each PCR packet in each Input Stream Video 0 x 31 PID Video 0 x 41 Video 0 x 51 Packet Spacing 0 x 31 2 Packets 0 x 41 1 Packet 0 x 51 0 Packets An LG Electronics Company Transport Stream MUX Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 54

PCR Packet Spacing After Muxing ¬Note that the PCR packet spacing has changed! Video 0 x 31 Video 0 x 41 Video 0 x 51 Transport Stream MUX PID Old Spacing New Spacing 0 x 31 2 Packets 8 Packets 0 x 41 1 Packet 5 Packets 0 x 51 0 Packets 2 Packets An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 55

Muxing Causes PCR Jitter ¬When we MUX multiple streams together, the spacing between the PCR packets in each stream CHANGES ¬The physical shift results in a TEMPORAL shift as well, throwing the time stamps off ¬The TEMPORAL shift in PCR values is referred to as “PCR jitter” An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 56

Muxing Causes PCR Jitter (Contd. ) ¬The MUX has to RESTAMP all the PCR values to correct for the change in the packet spacing – THIS IS VERY HARD TO DO The more services on the output, the harder it is to restamp The fewer ‘null’ packets at the output, the harder it is to restamp An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 57

PCR Timestamp Issue (Contd. ) ¬What in your network facility could cause PCR timestamp issues? ¬Three of the most common are: It can happen any time you MUX streams It can happen at the source encoding It can happen on any IP link – due to network lag An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 58

PCR Jitter From Incorrect Encoding ¬If the MPEG encoder’s parameters are set up incorrectly, you can introduce jitter at the source ¬This is relatively rare, however If a national programmer sent it’s stream up to the bird with jitter in it, the result would effect all receive sites ! Re-encoded streams at the headend may also create PCR jitter Local broadcast streams could create PCR jitter at the encoder An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 59

PCR Timestamp Issue (Contd. ) ¬What in your network facility could cause PCR timestamp issues? ¬Three of the most common are: It can happen any time you MUX streams It can happen at the source encoding It can happen on any IP link – due to network lag An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 60

PCR Jitter Due to IP Carriage ¬Network lag can conceal MPEG jitter problems on an IP link. The network jitter is usually so much larger than the PCR jitter that the PCR jitter is ‘lost in the noise. ’ ¬Hopefully, the IP- ASI or IP- QAM edge device will provide buffering and use ‘high level math’ to smooth out the network lag. ¬MT-40 provides a way to separate the Network Lag from PCR Jitter. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 61

MPEG 101 Knowledge Check #5 Q: What is the key element for synchronizing audio and video? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 62

Video and Audio Buffers & Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) An LG Electronics Company

Presentation Time Stamp - PTS ¬Each Frame is marked with a PTS – “Presentation Time Stamp” – a positive number ¬The value of the PTS is set to the value of the Encoder Clock when the frame is encoded Encoder 27 Mhz Clock MPEG Packets 1, 2, 3, 4…. . F 1 PTS 500 F 2 PTS 950 Packetizer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 64

Packets Assigned to Decode Buffer ¬As packets flow into the Decoder, a space in memory is set aside for them, one buffer for each PID. Decoder 27 Mhz Clock MPEG Packets 1, 2, 3, 4…. . Buffer 1 Pid 0 x 31 Video Buffer 2 Pid 0 x 34 Audio An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 65

Reconstruction of Frames From Buffer ¬Packets form Video and Audio Frames in the buffer Decoder 27 Mhz Clock MPEG Packets 1, 2, 3, 4…. . Buffer 1 Pid 0 x 31 Video F 1 PTS 500 F 2 PTS 675 F 3 PTS 950 Buffer 2 Pid 0 x 34 Audio F 1 PTS 200 An LG Electronics Company F 2 PTS 990 Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 66

The Magic of Decode ¬When the value of the Decode clock MATCHES the PTS on the frame, that frame is sent to the decode hardware Decoder Decode Hardware 27 Mhz Clock MPEG Packets F 1 PTS 200 = 200 Buffer 1 Pid 0 x 31 Video F 1 PTS 500 F 2 PTS 675 F 3 PTS 950 Buffer 2 Pid 0 x 34 Audio F 2 PTS 990 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 67

Another Frame Goes to Decode Hardware ¬Next Frame Decoder Decode Hardware 27 Mhz Clock MPEG Packets F 1 PTS 500 = 500 Buffer 1 Pid 0 x 31 Video F 2 PTS 675 F 3 PTS 950 Buffer 2 Pid 0 x 34 Audio F 2 PTS 990 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 68

One More Frame Heads to Decode ¬And the next frame… Decoder Decode Hardware 27 Mhz Clock MPEG Packets F 2 PTS 675 = 675 Buffer 1 Pid 0 x 31 Video F 3 PTS 950 Buffer 2 Pid 0 x 34 Audio F 2 PTS 990 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 69

Audio and Video Buffers ¬Receiver must buffer audio and video frame data until presentation time. ¬If data appears too late in the transport stream, buffer underflow results. ¬If data appears too early in the transport stream, buffer overflow results. ¬Either condition results in garbled play or incorrect synchronization. ¬Different set top boxes may respond differently to the same underlying buffer violations An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 70

Summary: Audio/Video Sync ¬PCR values help the Encoder Clock and the Decoder Clock to remain in sync ¬PCR jitter can cause synchronization problems for elementary streams ¬Ensure PCR jitter and frequency offsets are within standard limits Elementary stream buffers limits are NOT violated ¬Large PCR jitter values can cause “Lip sync” error ¬Buffer over- or underflow problems may cause “tiling”, “pixelization”/”macroblocking” errors An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 71

MPEG 101 Knowledge Check #6 Q: What is one potential result of “video buffer underflow” ? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 72

Overall Jitter versus MPEG Jitter ¬Use ‘Overall’ or ‘MPEG’ jitter settings when measuring from constant bit rate sources like ASI ¬Use ‘MPEG’ jitter setting when measuring jitter on ‘Gig. E’ links to exclude the network associated jitter from the jitter calculation. ¬Use ‘Overall’ jitter setting when measuring jitter on ‘Gig -E’ links if you want to see the total jitter due to network lag AND MPEG issues (requires Gig-E w/PCR option) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 73

Overall Jitter versus MPEG Jitter (Contd. ) ¬Gigabyte Ethernet offers specific difficulties when monitoring PCR related issues The network delay on a typical UDP network is usually orders of magnitude greater than the PCR Jitter detected on the network ¬Be sure to use the appropriate setting for ‘MPEG’ or ‘Overall’ jitter when measuring PCR on Gigabyte Ethernet networks (see previous slide) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 74

Three Things to Remember ¬Three main monitoring and troubleshooting lessons: Fix Continuity Problems first ®Continuity errors create bogus alarms in other areas ®Until you resolve the continuity problems, it will be very hard to determine if you have other problems in your stream Check for PCR jitter ®PCR jitter can cause packet over- or underflow problems ®Lip synch errors may also be result of PCR jitter To Be Discussed An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 75

MPEG Troubleshooting using an analyzer An LG Electronics Company

Why use a Transport Stream Analyzer? ¬With analog transmission, if audio/video did not have any anomalies on a TV set up in the studio, it would show up intact on the end user’s TV ¬For digital transmission, this assumption is NOT valid as digital signals rely on the decoder’s Firmware implementation Buffer sizes Software decoding capability An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 77

Why use a Transport Stream Analyzer? (Contd. ) ¬The transition to digital has introduced some specific challenges for broadcast engineers • Not all Set top boxes will respond the same way to the same underlying problem • Standards violations in digital Transport Streams may show up on a receiver only intermittently ¬The only streams which will consistently decode are those which are compliant ¬The best way to assure compliance is with a Transport stream Analyzer/Monitor An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 78

MT-40: Collaborative Mode Debugging ¬Two or more technicians use MT-40 to examine the same input. ¬Customers leverage subject matter experts from many different geographical locations Head End Tech Operations Center LA N WAN LA N MT-40 IRD MUX Encoder Modulator Equipment Room An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 79

MT-40: Multi- Channel Fleet Monitoring Local DTV Station or Headend Chief Engineer’s Office Remote location with MT-40 Visualization Client viewing all sources, all channels simultaneously Network Equipment Room Remote location with MT-40 Monitoring local channel An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 80

Troubleshooting Example – Audio Outage • Customer calls into station or NOC – audio dropping out on their set • In station video monitors & set top boxes do not have any problems • How serious is this problem? Are other Customers seeing it? Broadcast Scenario Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Television Transmitter MUX Network Processing QAM Modulator PSIP Gen Data Gen Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 81

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) § Start at the end…. . Off-air or combined RF output…. Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Broadcast Scenario Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX ASI Television Transmitter Network Processing Gigabit-IP ASI PSIP Gen QAM Modulator Data Gen Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario Transport Stream Analyzer An LG Electronics Company RF Input (8 VSB or QAM) Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 82

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) ¬ Check of the MPEG analyzer shows Standards violation has occurred An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 83

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) § Move back in the network toward the beginning. . § Input to the QAM modulator OR…. . Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Broadcast Scenario ASI PSIP Gen Data Gen Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX Network Processing Gigabit Ethernet Input Television Transmitter Gigabit-IP QAM Modulator Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario Transport Stream Analyzer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 84

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) § Input to the transmitter…. Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Broadcast Scenario Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX ASI Network Processing Gigabit-IP ASI PSIP Gen Television Transmitter QAM Modulator Data Gen ASI or SMPTE 310 Input Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario Transport Stream Analyzer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 85

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) ¬Standards violation is still present An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 86

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) § Move further back…. . Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Broadcast Scenario Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX ASI Television Transmitter Network Processing Gigabit-IP ASI PSIP Gen ASI Input Data Gen QAM Modulator Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario Transport Stream Analyzer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 87

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) ¬Standards violation is still present An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 88

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) § And further back…. . Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Broadcast Scenario Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX ASI Television Transmitter Network Processing Gigabit-IP ASI PSIP Gen ASI Input Data Gen QAM Modulator Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario Transport Stream Analyzer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 89

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) § Go all the way back to signal entry point…. . Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Broadcast Scenario Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX ASI Television Transmitter Network Processing Gigabit-IP ASI PSIP Gen QAM Modulator Data Gen Digital to Analog Mod QPSK Input Cable TV Scenario Transport Stream Analyzer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 90

Troubleshooting Example (Contd. ) § Using record capability to collect data…. . Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Broadcast Scenario Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX ASI Network Processing Gigabit-IP ASI PSIP Gen Television Transmitter QAM Modulator Data Gen Record at this point Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario Transport Stream Analyzer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 91

Summary: MPEG Monitoring Over the Long Term § Complete and continous monitoring…. . Encoders QPSK Satellite Dish Satellite Receivers Analyze, Monitor or Record Streams at any Broadcast Scenario of these points Gigabit-IP, ASI or SMPTE 310 ASI MUX ASI Network Processing Gigabit-IP ASI PSIP Gen Television Transmitter QAM Modulator Data Gen Digital to Analog Mod Cable TV Scenario Error Alerts: SNMP, SMS, E-Mail, Triggered Recording or Contact Closure Error Notification Transport Stream Analyzer or Remote Monitor An LG Electronics Company RF Input (8 VSB or QAM) Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 92

Three Things to Remember ¬Three main monitoring and troubleshooting lessons: Fix Continuity Problems first ®Continuity errors create bogus alarms in other areas ®Until you resolve the continuity problems, it will be very hard to determine if you have other problems in your stream Check for PCR jitter ®PCR jitter can cause packet over- or underflow problems ®Lip synch errors may also be result of PCR jitter Move Backward through your network as you debug ®Isolate the offending device first, then go for detailed problem solving steps (recording a file, etc. ) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 93

Summary: MPEG’s 7 Basic Parameters Per ATSC standards: ¬PAT ¬PMT ¬PCR Interval: 100 ms Interval: 400 ms Interval: 100 ms Max Jitter: 500 ns Max Freq. Offset: +/- 810 Hz Also check: q. Video Buffer q. Audio Buffer An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 94

References ¬Information Technology -- Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information: Systems (MPEG-2 Systems standard), ISO/IEC 13818 -1. ¬ATSC Digital Television Standard, ATSC Doc. A/53. ¬Program and System Information Protocol for Terrestrial Broadcast and Cable, ATSC Doc. A/65 (with amendments). ¬ATSC Data Broadcast Standard, ATSC Doc. A/90. ¬ATSC A/78 Recommended Practice on Bitstream Verification. ¬Video Over IP by Wes Simpson An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 95

Let’s Talk PSIP in Cable How do you spell PSIP? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc.

PSIP In Cable So What Is PSIP ? Technical answer: PSIP is a type of ‘metadata’ that enhances digital television transport streams. • Defines virtual channels • Enables tuning • Provides an Electronic Program Guide • Channel branding • V-Chip An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 97

PSIP In Cable So What Is PSIP ? Practical answer: PSIP enhances the viewers experience: • Increased Ease of Use • Channel and Brand Recognition • Navigating the Multitude of Services Offered An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 98

PSIP in cable “PSIP is Metadata“ An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 99

PSIP In Cable Meta Data Mentioned earlier, what is it? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 100

What is ‘metadata’? PSI and PSIP are types of ‘metadata’ A form of ‘metadata’. The label tells you what is in the can. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 101

What is ‘Metadata’ ? § Data about included data, is metadata § Metadata tells the decoder which kinds of information are contained in each PID, and which PID’s go together. § For DTV, we’re interested in two kinds of metadata: Program Specific Information (PSI) - Tables in the stream defined in the MPEG standards Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP) Tables defined in ATSC A/65 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 102

PSIP In Cable PSIP Meta. Data In the Stream (Program and System Information Protocol) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 103

PSIP Background ¬Program and System Information Protocol ¬Metadata inserted into broadcast stream ¬Enables: Tuning to virtual channels Displaying channel name (on channel changes) Interactive electronic program guides (EPGs) Automatic language selection for audio track Caption decoding “V-Chip” function (parental content blocking) Accurate receiver time-of-day clock setting Redistribution Control An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 104

Basic functions of PSIP Tables ¬Branding – Station call letters and channel number ¬Signaling – V-Chip data, information about audio and Video PID’s, Virtual Channel Table ¬Announcement – Electronic Program Guide (EPG) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 105

Signaling vs. Announcement ¬Signaling Information about what is "on now" Used to assemble program elements into whole ®Provides linkages ®Ex: PMT and/or VCT used to link different components of television program (i. e. video and audio) Used to define characteristics of current program (descriptors) ®Captioning, ratings, redistribution… ¬Announcement Information about what will be available in the future Program Guide information (name, description schedule) Characteristics of future programs (captioning, ratings, redistribution…) Typically does not provide linkages between program elements An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 106

PSIP Generation Architecture Traffic/Program System Encoder(s) Time PSIP Generator Remote GUI(s) M UX Automation System Listing Service Staging Server F I R E W A L L An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 107

PSIP metadata found in the ‘Payload’ Noteworthy fields: Payload contains PSIP, PAT, PMT metadata PSIP metadata found in the packet ‘Payload’ MPEG-2 Transport Stream Header (4 Bytes) Sync Byte PID 188 Bytes Continuity Counter Adaptation Field (Optional) An LG Electronics Company PES 1 x Or other Payload (Pat, PMT, PSIP, etc)………………. . . Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 108

PSIP In Cable ATSC (A/65) PSIP Metadata North American Standard An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 109

DTV PSIP Tables ¬VCT - Virtual Channel Table Transmit Interval: 400 ms - Identifies and describes virtual channels. *** Two Different Types of VCT: CVCT and TVCT *** ¬MGT - Master Guide Table Interval: 150 ms - Appears in PID 0 x 1 FFB. - Gives PIDs, sizes, and version numbers of other PSIP tables (except STT). A directory of all PSIP tables. ¬STT - System Time Table - Appears in PID 0 x 1 FFB - Gives current UTC time. An LG Electronics Company Interval: 1, 000 ms (1 sec) Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 110

DTV PSIP Tables (Contd. ) § RRT- Rating Region Table Interval: 60, 000 ms (1 min) - Describes content advisory system(s) being used to rate events. EIT has variable intervals: § EIT - Event Information Table EIT-0: 500 ms EIT-1: 3, 000 ms EIT-2 & up: 60, 000 ms - Gives titles, start times, durations, content advisory ratings of events (TV programs). § ETT - Extended Text Table Interval: Follows it’s EIT - Gives extended textual descriptions of virtual channels and events. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 111

Details of FCC R&O – PSIP related § "…fully implement PSIP to the extent that ATSC A/65 B requires. " Required transmission of all mandatory tables and descriptors ®MGT, TVCT, EIT-0 3, STT, RRT (except region 1) § Required tables and descriptors must be populated with proper and correct information § At least 12 hours of populated EITs (EIT-0 thru 3) EITs must contain correct schedule information Each EIT contains 3 hours worth of event information § Major channel rules from PSIP (A/65 B) adopted § Correct Major Channel number must be used § Correct TSIDs (Transport Stream ID) must be used An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 112

VCT -- Virtual Channel Concept (In General) § Breaks the link between RF channel number and user’s notion of channel number Analog broadcast “channel number” was the same as the RF carrier designation Digital broadcast “channel number” is defined by Virtual Channel Table (VCT) § One digital TS can include multiple channels of programming § 8 -VSB carrier freq. may have (probably) shifted during transition (June 2009) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 113

VCT: Two Part Channel Numbers § 1 st part: “major channel” (Original analog channel) § Example: 10. 1, 10. 2, 10. 3 § 2 nd part: “minor channel” 10. 1, 10. 2, 10. 3 § Broadcasters retain their brand identity Digital services groupable with analog KXTV has been associated with Channel 10 for years; KXTV-DT can be found on Channel 10 -1 They keep their brand in tact: (even though their RF carrier is now on Ch. 61) An LG Electronics Company Page 114

Virtual Channel Table (VCT) § Has same info as PAT & PMTs, plus more. § Allows tuning by virtual major-minor channel number, rather than physical channel number and MPEG-2 “program” number. § Allows language track selection. § Allows channel name to be displayed on channel changes and in EPG. § ATSC receivers are designed to use VCT; may have trouble with PAT and PMTs alone. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 115

Comparing PAT vs. VCT PAT (Program Association Table) Table ID Section Syntax Indicator Section Length Transport Stream ID (TSID) Version Number Current Next Indicator Section Number Last Section Number Program Map PID An LG Electronics Company VCT (Virtual Channel Table) Table ID Section Syntax Indicator Section Length Transport Stream ID (TSID) Version Number Current Next Indicator Section Number Last Section Number ATSC protocol version Number of Channels in Section Short Name Major Channel Number Minor Channel Number Modulation Mode Channel TSID Program Number Extended Text Message Location Descriptor Length Descriptor ( ) Source ID Service Type Access Controlled Hidden / Hide Guide Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 116

PSIP and PSI Link Table Information for a Digital Television Stream PAT (On PID 0 x 0) PMT 1 (On PID 0 x 30) Station TSID Video PID 0 x 31 Audio PID 0 x 34 PCR_PID 0 x 31 PMT 1 -> On PID 0 x 30 PAT and PMT Tables An LG Electronics Company VCT On Pid 0 x 1 FFB 11 -1 WXIA Video PID 0 x 31 Audio PID 0 x 34 PSIP Tables Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 117

PIDs in the Stream PAT points to to PMT PSIP metadata tables: VCT, MGT, STT, EITs & ETTs An LG Electronics Company Page 118

PSIP In Cable ‘SI’ (Service Information) or TR 101 290 aka: Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) International Standard An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 119

DVB ‘SI’ Tables DVB Standard uses different tables, different repetition rates than A/65 § NIT – Network Information Table § SI Repetition – Interval – how often System Info is sent § SDT – Service Description Time Table § RST – Running Status Table § TDT – Time & Date Table § No Virtual Channel Table: Uses PAT/PMT & CAT An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 120

PSIP In Cable There is even more data in the stream! : Descriptors An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 121

PSIP In Cable: Service Descriptors What are ‘Descriptors’ ? Descriptors inform the viewer/receiver that services such as ‘Closed Captioning’ and ‘Alternate Audio’ are available in the stream. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 122

PSIP In Cable Examples of Service Descriptors §AC-3 audio descriptor Ø 2 channel or Surround Sound ? ØWhich is Primary Audio, which is Secondary Audio? ØNow includes ISO 639 langauge bit §Caption Service descriptor ØDoes stream contain closed captioning data? ØIf so, in what langauge? ØHas captioning control information for the receiver §Content Advisory descriptor ØParental control (V-Chip) information §ISO 639 Langauge descriptor ØSend this descriptor for older digital receivers §Redistribution Control descriptor ØSimilar to ‘copy right’ protection (could effect Ti. VO) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 123

PSIP In Cable What is TSID? Transport Stream ID (Uniquely identifies the Multiplex) ØIn terrestrial broadcast, helps distinguish between two stations on the same channel o. Indicates which PSIP is correct for a given station ØUsed differently in Broadband/Cable ØMore on TSID later An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 124

PSIP In Cable So let’s put it all together and see how PSIP creates an Electronic Program Guide (EPG) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 125

Main PSIP Tables System Time Table (STT) Required for Terrestrial Broadcast (first four timeslots) 3 -hour time slot Event Information Table (EIT) Master Guide Table (MGT) Virtual Channel Table (VCT) Extended Text Table (ETT) An LG Electronics Company . . . Extended Text Table (ETT) Page 126

Version "Bubbling" § § MPEG "rule": Any time the contents of a table changes, its version number must increment Application: Each level in a table hierarchy carries the version number of a referenced, lower level table. Thus: Any change in a table will “bubble” upwards Consequence: Any change in a PSIP table will be reflected by a version change in the MGT! An LG Electronics Company Hour 0 -3 MGT PID A Table Ref 1 EIT-0 Table Ref 2 RRT Event 1 Event 2 Table Ref 3 VCT Event 3 Table Ref 4 Event 4 VC 1 Table Ref 5 VC 2 EIT-0 Table Ref 6 Event 1 Table Re 7 Event 2 DCCT PID Z ETT DCCSCT PID V ETT ETT Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 127

Master Guide Table (MGT) § MGT is the top-level “roadmap” Identifies what PSIP tables are in transport stream Gives PIDs so receiver can find them Indicates when any table has been updated MGT (PID 0 x 1 FFB) Table Reference • Table Type (VCT, EIT-0, etc. ) • PID where table can be found • Referenced Table Version • Referenced Table Size • <descriptors> Table Ref 1 Table Ref 2 Table Ref 3 Table Ref 4 (PID 0 x 1 FFB) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 128

Virtual Channel Table (VCT) A view of what is in the VCT using an MPEG analyzer to look at the table ‘Section. Array’ (PID 0 x 1 FFB) Virtual Channel • Short Channel Name • Major Channel Number • Minor Channel Number • Modulation Mode • Frequency • TS ID (of Virtual Channel) • Program Number (in Stream) • Extended Text Location • Access Controlled ? • Hidden ? Hide from Guide? • Service Type (A/V/D) • Source ID • Service Location Descr • other descriptors An LG Electronics Company Video Stream Eng Audio Stream Fre Audio Stream Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 129

Event Information Tables (EITs) A closer look at the EIT Section Array using an MPEG analyzer § Describe “events” (TV programs). § EIT-0 through EIT-127; each covers 3 hour period § EIT-0 thru EIT-3 required. Event • • • VCT VC 1 VC 2 Event ID Start Time (GPS) Duration in Seconds Title (multiple languages) Extended Text Location Descriptors • Content Advisory • Closed Captioning • AC-3 Audio • Broadcast Flag An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 130

Electronic Program Guide (EPG) The EPG gets filled in using data from EIT’s, VCT and STT An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 131

EIT Contents Handling the cross-over between EIT-0 and EIT-1 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 132

At 3 -Hour Boundary What was EIT-1, now becomes EIT-0 More data is plugged into the new EIT-3 (or whatever the last EIT is) An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 133

Extended Text Tables (ETTs) Use the ETT to describe the story line, name the actors, when the program was made and other details about an event § § ETT-0 thru ETT-127, plus a “channel ETT” Text descriptions for channels and events May use Huffman coding to reduce bandwidth May be in multiple languages EIT-n 1 Event 2 Event 3 Event 4 Event 5 VCT VC 1 VC 2 An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 134

Multilingual Text § Everywhere text is used Program titles & descriptions Exception: “short” channel name § Context-sensitive Huffman coding (English lang. ) Two tables, one optimized for titles, one for descriptions Compression efficiency is approx. 2: 1 § Uses ISO 639 Language coding § May be included with the AC-3 descriptor § May have it’s own descriptor An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 135

PSIP Tables: The Big Picture Data is constantly being moved. EIT-0 thru EIT-3 are required. More EITs can be used, but will take up more bandwidth Hour 0 -3 Hour 3 -6 Hour 6 -9 Hour 9 -12 MGT PID A PID B PID C PID D Table Ref 1 EIT-0 EIT-1 EIT-2 EIT-3 Event 1 Event 5 Event 7 Event 8 Event 2 Event 6 Event 8 Event 9 Event 3 Event 7 Table Ref 2 Table Ref 3 RRT VCT Table Ref 4 Event 10 Event 4 VC 1 Event 11 Table Ref 5 VC 2 Table Ref 6 EIT-0 EIT-1 EIT-2 EIT-3 Event 1 Event 3 Event 5 Event 9 Event 2 Event 4 Event 6 Event 10 Event 5 Event 7 Event 11 Table Re 7 DCCT PID Z ETT DCCSCT Event 8 PID V PID W PID X PID Y ETT ETT ETT An LG Electronics Company Page 136

PSIP Servers Hide the Complexity Getting all the PSIP and EPG data into the right table is made easy with good software An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 137

VCT EIT ETT STT VCT EIT An LG Electronics Company Page 138

PSIP In Cable How is PSIP in Cable different from PSIP in Terrestrial Broadcast? An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 139

PSIP In Cable has several different scenerios to contend with §Factors that will influence how PSIP plays in a Cable or IPTV environment: ØMultiple targeted service levels ØEncrypted programs ØClear QAM ØDigital Set-top Boxes ØTru 2 Way ØDigital-To-Analog Set-top Boxes An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 140

PSIP In Cable FCC PSIP Rule for Cable §The FCC requires that PSIP information must be present in the Cable feed: ØFor channels containing PSIP on ingest ØChannels carried in the clear (Clear QAM) ØTo enable a subscriber viewing experience, similar to Off-Air DTV • For those subscribers without STB or Tru 2 Way • Might include those with Digital TVs with QAM tuners • Subscribers with older analog TVs needing a DTA §To conserve bandwidth, amount of PSIP data can be modified: ØOnly the first 4 EITs need to be carried ØETTs can be removed ØService Location descriptor (SLD) is not required in the CVCT An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 141

PSIP In Cable PSIP vs. Broadcast PSIP CVCT (Cable Virtual Channel Table) • Virtual Channel Name • Channel Number (1 or 2 parts) • MPEG-2 Program Number • Service Type • Source_ID • No SLD required Cable • Relies on PMT • Descriptors are in the PMT • SLD information is in the PMT An LG Electronics Company TVCT (Terrestial Virtual Channel Table) • Virtual Channel Name • Channel Number—Major & Minor • MPEG-2 Program Number • Service Type • Source_ID • SLD required Broadcast • Descriptors are in the EIT • TVCT has PID values for all streams • Service Location Descriptor Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 142

PSIP In Cable Descriptors: Cable vs. Broadcast Descriptor Cable-PMT CVCT Broadcast-EIT AC-3 audio X X Caption Service X X Content Advisory X X ISO 639 Langauge If used X Ext Channel Name Service Location Broadcast-VCT X X Option X X X Time Shifted Serv An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 143

PSIP In Cable TSID: Cable vs. Broadcast The Transport Stream ID (TSID) uniquely identifies the Multiplex In Broadcast: §In cases where there are two stations on the same channel, TSID identifies the correct PSIP information for the selected station §The FCC assigns a unique TSID to every broadcast station In Cable: §TSID simply identifies a given multiplex §Can be a random or arbitrary number assigned by the MSO An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 144

PSIP In Cable Bottomline: PSIP in Cable is different than PSIP in Broadcast An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 145

PSIP In Cable PSIP in Cable Applications Three scenerios: 1. Support for EPG with Clear. QAM and DTAs 2. Support Lower Cost DTAs 3. Digital and HD delivery to Multiple Dwelling Units An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 146

PSIP In Cable Typical Digital Television Station Generating PSIP metadata HD Encoder PSIP TVCT, MGT, EIT, ETT SD Encoder Listing Service M U X PSIP Generator Limited Signal Processing Digital Television Broadcast Transmitter Various configurations such as redundant and replicated outputs An LG Electronics Company Page 147

PSIP in Cable Typical major Cable TV network TVCT Off-Airs Off-Airs Encoders Ingested PSIP is groomed. Output is A/65 Compliant. PAT/PMT & CVCT Digital Settop Box OR QAM Modulator Cherry. Picker, BMR, BNP Tru 2 Way Digital TV Cable/HFC Network Digital to Analog Mod Satellite Receivers Proprietary Out-Of-Band Data Channel Satellite Dish Listing Service Full EPG info on High End Digital Set -top Boxes. DACS type Set-top Control & Encryption An LG Electronics Company AND Digital-To. Analog Conv Only Channel Number & Name, no Guide Info. OR Clear. QAM cable ready TV ‘EIT & ETT’ like information in a Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. proprietary format Page 148

PSIP In Cable CAUTION !!! In a Cable TV network, don’t multiplex off-air broadcast streams without Grooming ! The result would be: §Multiple different table versions for: VCT, MGT, STT, SLD §Duplicate PID values §Collisions of various pointers, such as source_id An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 149

PSIP in Cable Any Cable TV network Add PSIP metadata: Full EPG info on High End Digital Set -top Boxes. TVCT Off-Airs Off-Airs PSIP Metadata Generator Encoders OR Cherry. Picker, BMR, BNP QAM Modulator Tru 2 Way Digital TV Cable/HFC Network Digital to Analog Mod Satellite Receivers Listing Service Digital Settop Box AND Digital-To. Analog Conv DACS type Set-top Control & Encryption An LG Electronics Company Now Full EPG info on Clear. QAM and DTAs OR Clear. QAM cable ready TV Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 150

PSIP In Cable Function of the PSIP generator: The PSIP metadata generator will: §Handle all PSI and PSIP information §Leaves multiplexers responsible for video and audio streams only §Extracts PSI and PSIP data packets from incoming streams §Decodes extracted tables §Information then used to: üCreate A/65 compliant streams on the output üMerges with each transport per operator configuration üInformation included: Channel numbering, PIDs, EITs also o. MGT and CVCT o. Movement of descriptor information from EIT to PMT An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 151

PSIP in Cable Encryption, DACS & Set-tops: Cost Prohibitive Add ‘Lower Cost DTAs’: Use ‘SI’ data for PSIP: Now Add PSIP (A/65) metadata: TVCT Off-Airs Off-Airs SI Metadata Generator Encoders PACE or Evolution type lower cost DTA Digital-To. Analog Conv Cherry. Picker, BMR, BNP QAM Modulator Cable/HFC Network Digital to Analog Mod Satellite Receivers PSIP Metadata Generator AND/OR Clear. QAM cable ready TV Now Full EPG info on Clear. QAM TVs and DTAs Listing Service An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 152

PSIP In Cable Why is ‘SI’ used for these DTAs ? §Lower cost due to being widely used internationally §These DTAs were originally developed for the DVB standard Why is a ‘PSIP’ generator needed for Clear. QAM? §Digital TVs used in the USA are built to the ATSC-A/65 standard §Cannot decode MPEG or SI metadata An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 153

PSIP in Cable Digital Channels Delivered to an MDU: TVCT Off-Airs Off-Airs PSIP Metadata Generator Encoders Dedicated Fiber Clear. QAM TV Cherry. Picker, BMR, BNP Satellite Receivers QAM Modulator Fiber Optic Trans mitter Clear. QAM TV Hotel, Resort or College Dormitory Full EPG info on Clear. QAM TVs Listing Service An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 154

PSIP In Cable Dedicated service to MDUs Allows for: §Creation of a custom channel line-up §Special purpose channels included §All digital video service An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 155

Further Information § ATSC A/65 B – PSIP standard http: //www. atsc. org/standards/a_65 b. pdf § ATSC A/69 – PSIP Implementation Guidelines http: //www. atsc. org/standards/a_69. pdf § Additional PSIP information http: //www. psip. org/ § "Channel Branding and Navigation for DTV : Understanding PSIP", NAB Science & Technology Dept § "PSIP: Program & System Information Protocol", Mark Eyer § “Video Over IP” by Wes Simpson; SCTE Bookstore An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 156

PSIP In Cable Guide. Builder ® Industry leading A/65 standard PSIP generator fixed based and mobile digital television service. Guide. Builder -SI® Industry leading ETR 101 290 DVB standard PSIP generator fixed based digital television service. Stream. Scope® Analysis and stream monitoring tools for MPEG digital video transport. An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc. Page 157

Thanks Digital TV & MPEG-2 Technology MPEG 101 and PSIP for Cable An LG Electronics Company Copyright © 2010 Triveni Digital, Inc.