Digital Libraries of the Future Use of Semantic
Digital Libraries of the Future Use of Semantic Web and Social Bookmarking to support E-learning in Digital Libraries Sebastian Ryszard Kruk Digital Enterprise Research Institute National University of Ireland, Galway sebastian. kruk@deri. org http: //corrib. deri. ie/ Copyright 2006 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved. www. deri. ie
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 2
Motivations • John teaches biology, over the Internet, using digital libraries and modern technologies (wikis, blogs) • How to deliver the material just-in-time? • How to pre-asses students? • How to automate most of the process? 3
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 4
The Semantic Web – Applications • Semantic Web cannot be and is not only a set of recommendations • Semantic Web is becoming reality by applications that support it and are based on it • Enabling technologies: – RDF Storages: Sesame, Jena, YARS – Reasoners: KAON, Racer – Editors: Protege, SWOOP, Marc. Ont Portal • End-User applications: – Semantic wikis: Makna, Semper. Wiki – Semantic blogs – Semantic digital libraries
What is a Semantic Digital Library? Semantic digital libraries – integrate information based on different metadata, e. g. : resources, user profiles, bookmarks, taxonomies – high quality semantics = highly and meaningfully connected information – provide interoperability with other systems (not only digital libraries) on either metadata or communication level or both – RDF as common denominator between digital libraries and other services – delivering more robust, user friendly and adaptable search and browsing interfaces empowered by semantics
Semantic Web Technologies for Digital Libraries? Metadata is the key concept • the Web does not have metadata – the idea of a Semantic Web is nice but difficult to implement • many digital libraries do have metadata in place • we simply must make them available in a machine understandable format • the Semantic Web provides the format: RDF
Semantic Web Technologies for Digital Libraries? Knowledge in bibliographic records • Digital Libraries already have controlled vocabularies, taxonomies or even ontologies in place • the challenge is to model this knowledge in a machine understandable way • the Semantic Web provides ontology languages: – RDF Schema – OWL – SKOS
Taxonomy of Knowledge Organization Systems • Term Lists – Authority files (FOAF) – Glossaries – Dictionaries – Gazetteers • Classifications and Categories (DMoz) – Subject headings – Classification schemes – Taxonomies – Categorization Schemes. • Relationship Lists – Thesauri (Word. Net, Me. SH) – Semantic networks – Ontologies 9 (Hodge, 2000)
Benefits of Semantic Digital Libraries The two main benefits of Semantic Digital Libraries • new search paradigms for the information space – Ontology-based search / facet search – Community-enabled browsing • providing interoperability on the data level – integrating metadata from various heterogeneous sources – Interconnecting different digital library systems
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 11
Semantic DL as Evolving Knowledge Space • In state-of-the-art digital libraries users are consumers – Retrieve contents based on available bibliographic records • Recent trends: user communities – Connetea – Flickr • In Semantic digital libraries users are contributers as well – Tagging (Web 2. 0) – Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering – Annotations • Semantic Digital libraries enforce the transition from a static information to a dynamic (collaborative) knowledge space
The future - Social Semantic Digital Libraries • Why current (semantic) digital libraries are not enough? – digital libraries should not be for librarians only but for average people – they concentrate on delivering content/information, not on knowledge sharing within a community of users – digital libraries have lost human-part of their predecessors • What could be the solution? – make users/readers involved in the content annotation process – allow users/readers to share their knowledge within a community – provide better communication between users in and across communities
Social Semantic Information Spaces
Comparing Web 1. 0 / Web 2. 0 / Semantic Web 2. 0 Web 1. 0 Web 2. 0 Semantic Web 2. 0 Personal Websites Blogs Semantic Blogs Content Management Systems Wikis Semantic Wikis Altavista, Google Personalised, Dumb. Find Semantic Search Cite. Seer, Project Gutenberg Google Scholar, Book Search Social Semantic Digital Libraries Message Boards Community Portals Semantic Forums and Community Portals Buddy Lists, Address Books Online Social Networks Semantic Social Networks - - Semantic Social Information Spaces
Evolution of Libraries Social Semantic Digital Library Involves the community into sharing knowledge Semantic Digital Library Accessible by machines, not only with machines Digital Library Online, easy searching with a full-text index Library Organized collection
Existing Semantic Digital Library Systems • SIMILE – extends and laverages DSpace, seeking to enhance interoperability among digital assets, schemata, metadata, and services • Jerome. DL – a social semantic digital library makes use of Semantic Web and Social Networking technologies to enhance both interoperability and usability • BRICKS – aims at establishing the organizational and technological foundations for a digital library network in order to share knowledge and resources in the cultural heritage domain. • FEDORA – delivers flexible service-oriented architecture to managing and delivering content in the form of digital objects
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 18
Jerome. DL - Introduction • Joint effort of DERI, National University of Ireland, Galway and Gdansk University of Technology (GUT) • Distributed under BSD Open Source license • Digital library build on semantic web technologies to answer requirements from: librarians, scientists and everyone.
Jerome. DL – Motivations Use Cases • Librarians: – support for rich metadata (MARC 21) in uploading resources, accessing bibliographic information and searching – persistent identifiers • Scientists: – easy publishing (designed as a institute/university digital library) – creating hierarchical networks of digital libraries – support for accessing, sharing and searching using bibliography metadata (Bib. Te. X) • Everyone: – simple search (incl. natural language queries) – community-aware information sharing and browsing, – support for interationalization
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 21
Jerome. DL – Architecture • Resources and annotations repository • Middleware: – query processing – community space – resources management • User interface agents: • Communication to the outside world • Administrative interface
Structure ontology in Jerome. DL 23
Bibliographic (Marc. Ont) Ontology in Jerome. DL 24
Community-aware (FOAFRealm) ontology 25
Ontologies in Jerome. DL
Metadata and Services in Jerome. DL 27
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 28
Marc. Ont Initiative – Overview Motivation: • Provide set of tools for collaborative ontology development Marc. Ont Initiative goals: • Create a framework for collaborative ontology improvement (E-learning) • Provide domain experts with tools to share their knowledge • Offer tools for data mediation between different data formats
Marc. Ont Portal and Marc. Ont Ontology: § Central point of Marc. Ont Initiative § Translation and mediation format § Continuos collaborative ontology improvement § Knowledge from the domain experts Marc. Ont Portal (source of knowledge): • Suggestions • Annotations • Versioning • Ontology editor
Marc. Ont Mediation Services for Legacy Metadata Format co-operation Marc. Ont Mediation Services 31 Format translation RDF Translator
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 32
Social Services in Jerome. DL • Involve users into sharing knowledge – Blogs – comments and discussions about documents and resources – Tagging – collaborative classification – Wikis – collaboratively edited additional descriptions, such as summaries and interesting facts • Preserve knowledge for future use – Users can learn from experience of others instantly – Recommend new, interesting resources based on users’ profiles 33
Identity management with FOAFRealm • Identity defined with extended FOAF metadata • Policies expressed by social networking – Distance between owner and requester – Friendship level between owner and requester, calculated across digraph of social network • Support for single registration and sign on • Distributed identity management with Hyper. Cu. P (“D-FOAF”) • FOAFRealm is currently implemented as a plugin for Tomcat (Realm/Valve implementation), with PHP and. NET versions coming soon 34
What is Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering? • Goal: to enhance individual bookmarks with shared knowledge within a community • Users annotate catalogues of bookmarks with semantic information taken from DMoz or Word. Net vocabularies • Catalogs can include (transclusion) friend's catalogues • Access to catalogues can be restricted with social networking-based polices • SSCF delivers: – Community-oriented, semantically-rich taxonomies – Information about a user's interest – Flows of expertise from the domain expert – Recommendations based on users previous actions – Support for SIOC metadata 35
Example of Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering foaf: knows xfoaf: include xfoaf: bookmark 36
Social Networks in Digital Libraries Resource marcont: has. Creator creator_A xfoaf: is. In foaf: knows xfoaf: owns foaf: knows creator_B xfoaf: Annotation xfoaf: Directory xfoaf: links. To foaf: knows user_D user_C
Support for online communities in SSCF 38
Support for online communities in SSCF 39
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 40
Jerome. DL – Delivering Semantic Content • Providing semantic annotations during uploading process: – open module for handling any taxonomies – keywords based on Word. Net and free tagging – defining structure of resources in the Jerome. DL ontology • Lifting legacy metadata to Marc. Ont ontology • Community maintained annotations – social semantic collaborative filtering – semantic descriptions based on the FOAF metadata
Annotating Library Resources 42
Jerome. DL – Semantic Information In Use • Searching: – Keyword-based search with semantic query expansion – Semantic search: • Direct RDF quering • Natural language templates • Browsing – Exibit – Multi. Bee. Browse • Sharing: – Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering – Semantically Interlinked Online Communities • Heterogeneous communication: – Bibster, A 9, OAI-PMH
Exposing Semantic Annotations 44
Filtering Resources in Jerome. DL 45
Sharing Knowledge with SSCF 46
Information Retrieval in Jerome. DL local interface (typed) keywords distributed interface collaborative filtering Open. Search RSS RDF & NL Query types translation semantic query expansion RDF Repositories Secure Snapshot Resources’ Content FOAFRealm Repository Structure Repository Fulltext Index Marc. Ont Repository
Networks of Digital Libraries • ELP (Extensible Library Protocol) implementation – communication within Jerome. DL network – adapters for communication with other networks • D-FOAF integration (distributed user profile management) – single sign on and single registration within D-FOAF network • Hyper. Cu. P integration (scalable P 2 P network) • Independent ELP network entry point: http: //search. jeromedl. org/ 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 1 2 0 0 2 1
Jerome. DL in Action 49
Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • Jerome. DL and other Corrib components – – – Motivation and Overview Architecture and Ontologies Semantic Services Social Services Semantics in Use • Jerome. DL in Action • e-Learning 2. 0 • Conclusions 50
Web 1. 0 e-Learning Creation Consumption 51
Web 2. 0 e-Learning Creation Communities Consumption 52
Semantic Web e-Learning Creation Semantic sources Consumption 53
Semantic Web 2. 0 e-Learning Semantic sources Creation Contribution Communities Consumption 54
Didaskon project • Deliver a framework for assemblying an on-demand curriculum from existing Learning Objects (LOs) provided by e-Learning services • Connection between formal and informal learning: – Repository of couses prepared by specialists (formal LOs) – Transform data collected from SSIS into LOs (informal knowledge) – IKHarvester – Used ontologies link user needs and the characteristics of the learning material 55
Didaskon project • LOs described with LOM ontology, composed into a learning path for a specific student • User profile (knowledge level in different domains and goals/expectations from the course) described with FOAF ontology – preconditions • Didaskon: – returns learning material customized for specific user’s needs – allows more scalable helper features for students supervision • Produced curriculum: – reflects user requirements – introduces new interdisciplinary, extensible and robust meaning of e. Learning 56
E-Learning Solution based on Social Sem. DL • One of potential sources of future e-Learning systems • On the verge between formal (libraries) and informal (communities) learning sources • Semantic interoperability with Learning Management Systems • Improve knowledge creation, delivery and sharing 57
E-Learning Solution based on Social Sem. DL 58
Evaluation of e-Learning Solution based on SSDL • Comparison between process based on Jerome. DL and a set of other services • Some tasks take shorter to execute with Jerome. DL • Some tasks are automated within Jerome. DL • Roughly twice less time spend with Jerome. DL 59
E-Learning Project at DERI Galway 60
Between e-Learning and DL - Museum Scenario • Museums have physical objects • Should bind digital annotations with physical objects • Real-virtual tours – – Start with real, guided tour Ubiquitous browse through context information Locate other exhibitions in the vicinity Share your knowledge and experience with others, leave breadcrumbs for others – Get the most of the exhibition during your visit 61
Conclusions • New generation of Internet services can bring digital libraries: – Closer to each other (interoperability) – Closer to the users (online communities) • Social and semantic services delivered in digital libraries can enhance user experience in: – E-Learning – Real world (!) museums –. . . and other online and real services • Jerome. DL is one of the first digital library that aims to implement these services • Growing number of Jerome. DL instances world-wide: http: //wiki. jeromedl. org/Instances 62
Jerome. DL answers various expectations as the Digital Library on Social Semantic Information Spaces http: //www. jeromedl. org/ http: //wiki. jeromedl. org/ Sebastian Ryszard Kruk DERI, NUI Galway, Ireland sebastian. kruk@deri. org 63
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