Digital Koto Music Scores Forum on Information Technology

Digital Koto Music Scores Forum on Information Technology (FIT) 2002 IPSJ & IEICE; Tokyo Institute of Technology Craig Sapp (craig@ccrma. stanford. edu) Stanford University Sachiko Deguchi (deguchi@ccrma. stanford. edu) Kogyokusha College of Technology

Purpose • Develop computer printing system for koto music • Arabic numeral notation for Western students of koto. • Typeset new compositions for koto music. • Convert Western music notation into koto notation. • Create digital encoding format for koto scores. • Electronic database of koto music. • Analysis of koto music.

The Koto String 1 Performer sits here String 13

Existing Typeset Koto Music Yamada school engraved music: Ikuta school engraved music: Our computer-typeset music:

Computer Typesetting Process A: Ideally spaced music with spacing boxes visible. • Only music elements with controlling widths. • Spacing ratio of 0. 65 for duration ratio of 1: 2. B: Spacers scaled to fit music in margins. • Box widths all scaled by the same amount. • Widths of music elements not scaled. C: Vertical elements added. • Add ornaments (e. g. : hiki), fingerings, rhythmic beaming • Final score output is in Post. Script format • vector graphics (scalable) • convertible to PDF format

Koto Notation Encoding Problems • Most computer music application written for standard Western notation. • Standard Western notation does not map well to koto score • many glissando techniques in koto music. • standard koto tunings contain same pitch on strings 1 + 5 • strings of koto can be re-tuned • difficult to remember new pitch/string mappings

Symbolic Encoding Format ps koto 2 e **koto *M 4/4 *tune[d: G: A: A#: d: d#: g: a: a#: dd#: gg: aa] {5+i 3 1 s =2 0} {3|sb 3|sc 8|. 7|| 6| 7|o 10, 11, 12, 13 =3 String numbers from 1 - 9 + A, B, C, D 1 c 5|. Rests: number 0 4|| 3} One beat by default {1 s | symbol halves duration (Western beams) =4 9 symbol for ornamentation placement 8| 7| = barlines 8|. {, } phrase markings 7|| 6| a, b, c fingerings 7|o i, s, o ornaments *- • Based on the Humdrum File Format for music research: http: //www. humdrum. net • Pitch: • Rhythm: - • Other:

Web Interface for Creating Scores http: //koto. sapp. org/score

Koto Notation to Western Notation **koto **kern *M 4/4 *tune[d: G: A: A#: d: d#: g: a: a#: dd#: gg: aa] {5+i {2 d. 3 4 A • Automatic conversion from koto 1 s 4 d: 4 G: =2 =2 data to Humdrum kern data 0} 4 r} {3|sb {8 A: 8 A#: • Kern data can then be typeset 3|sc 8 A: 8 A#: 8|. 8. a • kern mup 7|| 16 g • kern Music. XML 6| 8 d# • Music. XML Finale 7|o 16 g. H. 16 ah =3 =3

Western Notation to Koto Notation • Program written to convert western notated music into koto performance notation. E mode G mode Tuning: c: d: e: f: g: a: b: cc: dd: ee: ff: gg: aa

Electronic Data Conversion Paths Humdrum Koto Analysis koto 2 kern Performance modeling MIDI sound kern 2 koto Humdrum Kern smf koto 2 eps ms paper Mup krn 2 xml Music. XML dolet Finale

Further information • Website for koto scores: http: //koto. sapp. org • Humdrum koto data format specification: http: //koto. sapp. org/kotospec. html • Koto score generating web interface: http: //koto. sapp. org/score