Digestive System Vocabulary Combining forms Prefixes Suffixes practice

Vocabulary • absorption Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream • amino acids Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested • amylase Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch • anus Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

Vocabulary (cont’d) • appendix Blind pouch hanging from the cecum • bile Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts • bilirubin Pigment released by the liver in bile • bowel Intestine Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3

Vocabulary (cont’d) • canine teeth Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth • cecum First part of the large intestine • colon Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments • common bile duct Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4

Vocabulary (cont’d) • defecation Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus • deglutition Swallowing • dentin Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root • digestion Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5

Vocabulary (cont’d) • duodenum First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long Act of removal of materials from the body • elimination • emulsification Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules • enamel Hard, outermost layer of a tooth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6

Vocabulary (cont’d) • enzyme Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in –ase • esophagus Tube connecting the throat to the stomach • fatty acids Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids • feces Solid wastes; stool Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7

Vocabulary (cont’d) • gallbladder Small sac under the liver; stores bile • glucose Simple sugar • glycogen Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells • hydrochloric acid Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8

Vocabulary (cont’d) • ileum Third part of the small intestine • incisor One of four front teeth in the dental arch • insulin Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver • jejunum Second part of the small intestine Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9

Vocabulary (cont’d) • lipase Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats • liver Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds • lower esophageal sphincter (LES) Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10

Vocabulary (cont’d) • mastication Chewing • molar teeth Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch • palate Roof of the mouth • pancreas Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11

Vocabulary (cont’d) • papillae (singular: papilla) Small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue • parotid gland Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear • peristalsis Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs • pharynx Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12

Vocabulary (cont’d) • portal vein Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines • protease Enzyme that digests protein • pulp Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels • pyloric sphincter Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13

Vocabulary (cont’d) • pylorus Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum • rectum Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus • rugae Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach • saliva Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14

Vocabulary (cont’d) • salivary glands Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands • sigmoid colon Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum • sphincter Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening • stomach Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15

Vocabulary (cont’d) • triglycerides Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids • uvula Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate • villi (singular: villus) Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16

Terminology – Combining Forms Parts of the Body Combining Form • • Meaning an/o append/o, appendic/o bucc/o celi/o cheil/o cholecyst/o choledoch/o anus appendix cheek cecum belly, abdomen lip gallbladder common bile duct Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17

Terminology – Combining Forms Parts of the Body (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • • col/o colon/o dent/i duoden/o enter/o esophag/o faci/o gastr/o gingiv/o colon tooth duodenum intestines, usually small intestine esophagus face stomach gums Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18

Terminology – Combining Forms Parts of the Body (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • • gloss/o hepat/o ile/o jejun/o labi/o lapar/o lingu/o mandibul/o odont/o tongue liver ileum jejunum lip abdomen tongue lower jaw, mandible tooth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19

Terminology – Combining Forms Parts of the Body (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • • or/o palat/o pancreat/o peritone/o pharyng/o proct/o pylor/o rect/o sialaden/o mouth palate pancreas peritoneum throat anus and rectum pyloric sphincter rectum salivary gland Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20

Terminology – Combining Forms Parts of the Body (cont’d) Combining Form • sigmoid/o • stomat/o • uvul/o Meaning sigmoid colon mouth uvula Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21

Terminology – Combining Forms Substances Combining Form. Meaning • • amyl/o bil/i bilirubin/o chol/e chlorhydr/o gluc/o glyc/o starch gall, bile bilirubin (bile pigment) gall or bile hydrochloric acid sugar Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22

Terminology – Combining Forms Substances (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • glycogen/o lip/o lith/o prote/o py/o sial/o steat/o glycogen, animal starch fat stone protein pus saliva, salivary fat Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23

Terminology – Suffixes Suffix Meaning • -ase • -chezia enzyme defecation, elimination of wastes abnormal condition meal • -iasis • -prandial Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d) Three types of anastomoses Copyright © 2014, 2011,

Suffixes (cont’d) • Suffixes that are also used alone as separate terms: ØEmesis (emetic)

Suffixes Suffix • • • Meaning -ectasis, -ectasia -emesis -pepsia -phagia -plasty -ptysis dilation, widening vomiting digestion eating, swallowing surgical repair spitting Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28

Suffixes (cont’d) Suffix • • Meaning -rrhage, -rrhagia -rrhaphy -rrhea -spasm • -stasis • -stenosis • -tresia bursting forth (of blood) suture flow, discharge involuntary contraction of muscles stopping; controlling narrowing, tightening opening Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form. Meaning • • bucc/o celi/o cheil/o chol/e cholangi/o cholecyst/o choledoch/o __________ __________ Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form. Meaning • • bucc/o celi/o cheil/o chol/e cholangi/o cholecyst/o choledoch/o cheek cecum abdomen lip gall, bile duct (vessel) gallbladder common bile duct Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • col/o colon/o dent/i duoden/o enter/o esophag/o gastr/o gingiv/o __________ __________ Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • col/o colon/o dent/i duoden/o enter/o esophag/o gastr/o gingiv/o colon tooth duodenum intestines esophagus stomach gums Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • gloss/o gluc/o glyc/o hepat/o herni/o ile/o jejun/o labi/o __________ __________ Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • gloss/o gluc/o glyc/o hepat/o herni/o ile/o jejun/o labi/o tongue sugar liver hernia ileum jejunum lip Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • lingu/o lip/o lith/o odont/o or/o palat/o pancreat/o __________ __________ Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • lingu/o lip/o lith/o odont/o or/o palat/o pancreat/o tongue fat stone tooth mouth palate pancreas Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • proct/o pylor/o rect/o sialaden/o splen/o steat/o stomat/o __________ __________ Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form. Meaning • • proct/o pylor/o rect/o sialaden/o splen/o steat/o stomat/o anus and rectum pyloric sphincter rectum salivary gland spleen fat mouth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40

Abbreviations • • • alk phos ALT, AST BE BM BRBPR CD CT EGD ERCP Alkaline phosphatase Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase Barium enema Bowel movement Bright red blood per rectum Celiac disease Computed tomography Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42

Abbreviations (cont’d) • • • EUS FOBT G tube GB GERD GI HBV IBD LAC LFTs Endoscopic ultrasonography Fecal occult blood test Gastrostomy tube; also stomach tube, PEG tube Gallbladder Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastrointestinal Hepatitis B virus Inflammatory bowel disease Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy Liver function tests Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44

Abbreviations (cont’d) • • • MRI NG tube NPO PEG tube PEJ tube PTHC PUD TPN T tube Magnetic resonance imaging Nasogastric tube Nothing by mouth Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography Peptic ulcer disease Total parenteral nutrition Tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into a small pouch on the outside of the body Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 46

Review Suffixes -ase -centesis -chezia -ectasis -ectomy -emesis -emia -genesis _____________ _____________ _______ Copyright

Review Suffixes (cont’d) • • • -ase -centesis -chezia -ectasis -ectomy -emesis -emia -genesis enzyme surgical puncture to remove fluid defecation; elimination of wastes stretching; dilation; expansion removal; excision; resection vomiting blood condition producing; forming Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 48

Review Suffixes (cont’d) -graphy -iasis -lysis -megaly -orexia -pathy -pepsia -phagia _____________ _____________ Copyright

Review Suffixes (cont’d) • -graphy • -iasis • -lysis • • • -megaly -orexia -pathy -pepsia -phagia process of recording abnormal condition breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening enlargement appetite disease; emotion digestion eating; swallowing Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 50

Review Suffixes (cont’d) -prandial -plasty -ptosis -ptysis -rrhage -rrhagia -rrhaphy -rrhea _____________ _____________ Copyright

Review Suffixes (cont’d) • • -prandial -plasty -ptosis -ptysis -rrhage -rrhagia -rrhaphy -rrhea meal surgical repair droop; sag; prolapse; fall spitting bursting forth (of blood) suture flow; discharge Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 52

Review Suffixes (cont’d) -scopy -spasm -stasis -stenosis -stomy -tresia _____________ _____________ Copyright © 2014,

Review Suffixes (cont’d) • • -scopy -spasm -stasis -stenosis -stomy -tresia visual examination sudden contraction of muscles stop; control; place tightening; stricture new opening (to form a mouth) process of cutting opening Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 54