Digestive System Anatomy Physiology Digestive Processes Digestive Organs
- Slides: 110
Digestive System Anatomy & Physiology
Digestive Processes
Digestive Organs
Mesentary
Peritonitis
Oral Anatomy Lateral View
Cadaver Midsaggital Section of Oral Structures
Oral Anatomy Anterior View
Tongue Anatomy
Taste Bud Anatomy
Salivary Glands
Cadaver ___ Gland
Tooth Anatomy
Tooth Eruption
Impacted Molar
Gingiva
Universal Tooth Numbering System
Tooth Faces • Lingual (Nearest Tongue) • Facial (Farthest from tongue) • Mesial (Closest to the incisors) • Distal (Farthest from the incisors • Occlusal (Grinding surface
Splanchnic Circulation 25% of Cardiac Output
Endoscope
Larynx
Esophageal Reflux
G. E. R. D. (Gastro. Esophageal Reflux Disease)
Gastric Fundus
Gastritis due to Helicobacter Pylori
Gastric Diverticulum
Gastric Polyps
Gastric Carcinoma
Duodenal Mucosa
Duodenal Ulcer
Proctologist
Testing for Occult Blood
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy Administration
Caecal Diverticula
Descending Colon
Tapeworms
Ulcerative Colitis (Sigmoid Colon & Rectum)
Rectum
Anal Hemorrhoids (Piles) Caused by Inflammation of the Superior & Inferior Hemorrhoid Veins
Scope Comparison
Barium Enema
Colostomy & Stoma
Colostomy Bag
Peristalsis
27 Year Old Male
81 Year Old Male
Swallowing
Gastric Regions
Gastric Anatomy
Gastric Cells
Gastric Cell FXN’s • • • Goblet cells – produce alkaline mucus Mucus Neck cells – produce acidic mucus Parietal cells – produce HCl & Intrinsic Factor • Chief cells – produce pepsinogen • Enteroendocrine cells – produce gastrin, pepsin, cholecystokinin, & somatostatin
Gall Bladder & Pancreas Empty Contents into Duodenum
Liver & Pancreas Secretions
Liver FXN’s • Synthesizes bile (bile salts, biliruben, & cholesterol) • Stores glucose as glycogen • Stores fat soluble vitamins ADEK
Gall Bladder FXN • Stores bile • CCK contracts gall bladder secretion of pancreatic juice & relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi Pathophysiology • Gall stones – too much cholesterol or too few bile salts resulting in cholesterol crystal accumulation • Obstructional jaundice – bile duct becomes obstructed & bilirubin increases in blood
Gallstones
Bile Salt
FXN Pancreas • Secretes basic pancreatic juice (p. H 7. 5 -8. 0) Pancreatic Juice (p. j. ) • Bicarbonate rich p. j. neutralizes HCl in the duodenum (Stimulated by secretin when HCl enters the duodenum) • Enzyme rich p. j. stimulated by CCK when fatty or protein rich foods enter the duodenum Note • Hormones released in inactive form so they don’t digest the pancreas
Accessory Organ Ducts & Sphincter
HCO 3 - Na+ Pancreatic duct H 2 O CO 2 Pancreatic acinar cell H 2 CO 3 Na+ H+ Blood capillary Pancreatic secretion of Na. HCO 3 (sodium bicarbonate) [simplified]
Water & Mineral Digestion
Absorption of… Vitamins – • A, D, E, K fat soluble (diffuse into blood) • B & C water soluble (diffuse into blood) • B 12 requires intrinsic factor for diffusion…leads to pernicious anemia • Electrolytes (Na+, K+, HCO 3 -, Cl-) • Iron – binds to ferratin in mucosal cells & transferrin in the blood for transport • Calcium – PTH increases ionic calcium & vitamin D aids in absorption
Lipid Emulsification
Lipid Digestion
Carbohydrate Digestion
Na/K Symport
Protein Digestion
Brush Border
Villi
Small Intestine
Large Intestine with Mesentery
Cecum
Anal Sphincter Control
Hormonal Control of Digestion (Produced in stomach) • • Gastrin - HCl secretion & gastric emptying Serotonin – Contracts gastric muscle Histamine – HCl release from parietal cells Pepsinogen – inactive form of pepsin (HCl activated) • Somatostatin – Inhibits: gastric secretions gastric emptying pancreatic secretions intestinal absorption gall bladder contraction (bile release) catabolyzes protein
Hormonal Control of Digestion (Produced in Duodenum) • Secretin - pancreatic juice secretion & bile output • Cholecystokinin - pancreatic juice output, contracts gall bladder, & relaxes sphincter of Oddi • Gastric inhibitory peptide – inhibits gastric secretion & motility • Vasoactive intestinal peptide – dilates intestinal capillaries & inhibits HCl production
Hormonal Control of Digestion (Produced by pancreas) • Trypsinogen – Inactive form of trypsin (activated by enterokinase) catabolyzes protein to peptides • Amylase – catabolyzes polysaccharides • Lipase – catabolyzes lipids • Carboxypeptidase – catabolyzes protein to amino acids • Chymotrypsin – catabolyzes protein to peptides
The absorptive state Metabolic states • During & for several hours after a meal • Insulin • glucose uptake by cells (from blood) • glycogenesis in liver cells • lipogenesis in fat cells • lipolysis in fat cells Continues until. . .
Metabolic states The postabsorptive state • Begins several hours after a meal • Glucagon • glycogenolysis • gluconeogenesis • lipolysis in fat cells • lipogenesis in fat cells
Feces may indicate health issues • Motility / timing • Diarrhea • Constipation • Color / consistency • Gray = lack of bile • Black/tarry = bleeding (upper) • Black = Pepto. Bismol • Red = bleeding (lower)
Digestion of Alcohol
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