Digestive System 11232020 SAP 4 a 1 SAP

  • Slides: 39
Download presentation
Digestive System 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 1

Digestive System 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 1

SAP 4 Students will analyze the physical, chemical, and biological properties of process systems

SAP 4 Students will analyze the physical, chemical, and biological properties of process systems as these relate to transportation, absorption and excretion, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and immune systems. • a. Describe the chemical and physical mechanisms of digestion, elimination, transportation, and absorption within the body to change food and derive energy. 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 2

Essential Question How can I describe the physical, chemical, and biological properties of process

Essential Question How can I describe the physical, chemical, and biological properties of process systems as they relate to transportation, absorption and excretion, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and immune systems? 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 3

Digestive System • Organs are separated into two main groups: – Alimentary canal—digest and

Digestive System • Organs are separated into two main groups: – Alimentary canal—digest and absorb food • Also known as the gastrointestinal tract – Accessory digestive organs—assist alimentary canal • Teeth, tongue, and digestive glands 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 4

6 Basic Functions: • Ingestion – Taking in food and liquid by mouth •

6 Basic Functions: • Ingestion – Taking in food and liquid by mouth • Secretion – Oozing out of water, acid, enzymes, etc. • Mixing/Propulsion – Contractions and relaxations of muscles • Digesting – Breaking down food into smaller pieces • Absorption – Taking in needed nutrients, water, etc. • Defecation – Removal of feces (indigestible parts) 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 5

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 6

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 6

Alimentary Canal • Alimentary Canal – -coiled, hollow tube – -opened at both ends:

Alimentary Canal • Alimentary Canal – -coiled, hollow tube – -opened at both ends: mouth and anus – -ORGANS: • • Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anal Canal Anus 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 7

Mouth/ Oral Cavity • Tongue – – Needed to talk Anchored to hyoid bone

Mouth/ Oral Cavity • Tongue – – Needed to talk Anchored to hyoid bone Held to floor or mouth by the frenulum When you chew, the tongue pushes up against the roof of the mouth to form a BOLUS • Teeth – Type of teeth • • Incisors-front teeth (bite) Canines/cuspids (tear) Bicuspids/premolars Molars Chewing or grinding – Sets • First teeth: baby teeth/milk teeth = deciduous • Second set = permanent 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 8

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 9

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 9

Mouth cont. • Palate (Roof of mouth) – Hard palate: works with tongue to

Mouth cont. • Palate (Roof of mouth) – Hard palate: works with tongue to form bolus – Soft palate: slides back to stop food from being pushed into the nasal cavity • Salivary glands – Secrete saliva into the mouth – Sets: • Parotid: Largest; front and below ear • Sublingual: Under tongue • Submandibular: Under lower jaw – Saliva is made up of water, mucus and amylase (digests sugar and carbohydrates) 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 10

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 11

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 11

Passage to Stomach • Pharynx-throat – Passageway for food from mouth to esophagus •

Passage to Stomach • Pharynx-throat – Passageway for food from mouth to esophagus • Esophagus – Muscular tube that connects pharynx and stomach – Food directed here by epiglottis – Peristalsis move food to stomach 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 12

Peristalsis 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 13

Peristalsis 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 13

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 14

11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 14

Concept Check Match up the terms correctly: Secretion rids body of feces Esophagus the

Concept Check Match up the terms correctly: Secretion rids body of feces Esophagus the oozing of stuff Mouth tube leads to stomach Defecation 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a produces a bolus 15

Stomach • C shaped organ • Hidden by liver and muscular sheet called diaphragm

Stomach • C shaped organ • Hidden by liver and muscular sheet called diaphragm • Physical change: – Stomach walls contract to “mash up” the food and get it covered with digestive enzymes • Chemical change: – Gastric juices • • HCl Pepsin Gastrin Others • • Protein digestion starts here Lined with mucosa to prevent it from digesting itself Small amt. of absorption occurs here Leaves stomach through the pyloric sphincter in small amts. • 11/23/2020 Food is now called. SAP 4 a chyme 16

Small Intestine • Major digestive organ • 16 feet in length • 3 parts:

Small Intestine • Major digestive organ • 16 feet in length • 3 parts: – Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum • Most chemical digestion and absorption occur here • Accessory organs add digestive juices to duodenum 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 17

Accessory Organs to Small Intestine • Accessory organs come into play to assist the

Accessory Organs to Small Intestine • Accessory organs come into play to assist the small intestine: – Liver-produces bile for large fats – Gallbladder-stores bile for liver – Pancreas-produces enzymes • Pancreatic amylase: sugars and carbs • Trypsin: proteins • Lipase: small fats 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 18

Small Intestines cont. • Makes digestive enzymes – Peptidase: proteins – Intestinal lipase: fats

Small Intestines cont. • Makes digestive enzymes – Peptidase: proteins – Intestinal lipase: fats – Maltase: maltose – Sucrase: sucrose – Lactase: lactose • Lined with microvilli to increase absorption • Waste is removed from the ileum to the cecum through the ileocecal valve 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 19

Small Intestines 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 20

Small Intestines 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 20

Large Intestine • Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus • Dries out

Large Intestine • Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus • Dries out indigestible food – – – Water absorbed, resides excreted as feces Too little water removed = diarrhea Too much water removed = constipation • Full of bacteria to digest in small intestines; remnants and old bacteria eliminated in feces • Secretes large amounts of mucous to lubricate • Rectum stores feces for removal 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 21

Large Intestine Food passage through large intestines: – – – – Cecum Appendix Ascending

Large Intestine Food passage through large intestines: – – – – Cecum Appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 22

Final Result is Excretion… • Anal Cavity – Anus: opening to the outside •

Final Result is Excretion… • Anal Cavity – Anus: opening to the outside • Controlled by the internal and external sphincters 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 23

Concept Check • How does food pass through the digestive tract? Describe the motion.

Concept Check • How does food pass through the digestive tract? Describe the motion. • Describe the breakdown of food in the stomach. • When does most breakdown of food occur? • What is the main thing that occurs in the large intestine? 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 24

Nutrition • Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestines – Passes through the wall

Nutrition • Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestines – Passes through the wall of intestines into bloodstream via microvilli • Major Nutrients • • • 11/23/2020 Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals SAP 4 a 25

Nutrients cont. • Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides: simple sugars – Disaccharides polysaccharides: will all be

Nutrients cont. • Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides: simple sugars – Disaccharides polysaccharides: will all be broken down into monosaccharides to be used • Polysaccharide cellulose are not digested by humans – Makes up bulk of feces – Uses: fast energy – Sources: sweets, potatoes, bread, pasta, cereal – Tests: sugars-Benedicts solution; starches. Iodine 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 26

Nutrients cont. • Lipids – Includes fats, oils, and cholesterol (triglycerides) – Uses: slow,

Nutrients cont. • Lipids – Includes fats, oils, and cholesterol (triglycerides) – Uses: slow, stored energy = contains more chemical energy than any other nutrient; cholesterol strengthens cell membranes – Sources: butter, mayo, chips, fried foods, cooking oils – Tests: brown paper towel and Sudan stain 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 27

Nutrients cont. • Proteins – Made up of amino acids that get disassembled and

Nutrients cont. • Proteins – Made up of amino acids that get disassembled and reassembled in you – Uses: makes up muscle mass, acts as enzymes, antibodies, regulates cell cycle, growth and repair, and channels in cell membranes – Sources: meat, beans, nuts, eggs – Tests: Nitric acid 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 28

Nutrients cont. • Vitamins – Organic nutrients Uses: Many function as coenzymes: they act

Nutrients cont. • Vitamins – Organic nutrients Uses: Many function as coenzymes: they act with an enzyme to accomplish a catalysis • Sources: broccoli, cabbage, and brussels sprouts – acquired through a balanced diet • A, E, and C have anticancer effects 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 29

Nutrients cont. • Minerals – Uses: strengthens structures (bones, teeth), bind to organic compounds

Nutrients cont. • Minerals – Uses: strengthens structures (bones, teeth), bind to organic compounds – Sources: vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meats • Seven important elements needed: – -Ca-Calcium – -P-Phosphorus – -K-Potassium – -S-Sulfur – -Na-Sodium – -Cl-Chlorine – 11/23/2020 -Mg-Magnesium. SAP 4 a 30

Metabolism • ALL the chemical reactions of the body • It can be thought

Metabolism • ALL the chemical reactions of the body • It can be thought of as a balancing act occurring in the body because of two processes occurring simultaneously: – Anabolism—combining simple substances into more complex substances – Catabolism—breaking down complex substances into more simple ones 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 31

Disorders • Diarrhea: waste product is pushed through large intestines too fast; too much

Disorders • Diarrhea: waste product is pushed through large intestines too fast; too much water in feces • Constipation: waste stays in large intestines too long and too much water is pulled out • Gallstones: the cholesterol in the bile is crystalizes and forms pellets or stones; painful when they clog the tube leading to the small intestine. 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 32

Gallstones 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 33

Gallstones 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 33

Disorders cont. • Jaundice: bile accumulation in the tissues and causes skin and whites

Disorders cont. • Jaundice: bile accumulation in the tissues and causes skin and whites of eyes to turn yellowish • Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum by infectious microbes (surgery or accidental) • Ulcers: a sore in the lining of the digestive tract – – – Stomach: peptic or gastric Esophagus: esophageal Duodenum: duodenal Caused by H. pylori bacteria Made worse by stress, acid, certain foods and alcohol 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 34

Disorders cont. • Heartburn: acid reflux; if the sphincter at the end of the

Disorders cont. • Heartburn: acid reflux; if the sphincter at the end of the esophagus is weak; gastric juices back up into the esophagus • Vomiting: reverse peristalsis; contents comes up through the esophagus and pharynx • Lactose intolerance: you don’t have enough lactase in your small intestines so you can’t break down lactose in dairy products • Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 35

Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, drugs, and chemicals (alcohol) •

Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, drugs, and chemicals (alcohol) • A: Spread by fecal contaminated food, clothing, toys, eating utensils, or fecal-oral contact. Liver damage not permanent • B: Spread by sexual contact & contaminated syringes & transfusion equipment. Can also be spread through tears and saliva. Causes chronic liver inflammation and a vaccine is available 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 36

Hepatitis cont. • C: Spread by blood transfusions & can cause cirrhosis (hardening of

Hepatitis cont. • C: Spread by blood transfusions & can cause cirrhosis (hardening of liver) and liver cancer • D: Must be infected with B to get. Results in severe liver damage & has high fatality rate • E: Spreads like A. Responsible for a high death rate in pregnant women 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 37

Disorders cont. • Pancreatic Cancer – Affects males over 50 – Usually few to

Disorders cont. • Pancreatic Cancer – Affects males over 50 – Usually few to no symptoms until in advanced stage – 4 th most common cause of death – Linked to fatty food, high alcohol consumption, genetics, smoking & chronic pancreatitis 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 38

http: //www. lesbursteindds. com/Periodontal%20 Diseases%20 and%20 Therapies/default. html http: //www. fluorideandfluorosis. com/diagnosis. html http:

http: //www. lesbursteindds. com/Periodontal%20 Diseases%20 and%20 Therapies/default. html http: //www. fluorideandfluorosis. com/diagnosis. html http: //www. checkdent. com/dental-blog/periodontitis-or-parodontosis. html? lang=en 11/23/2020 SAP 4 a 39