Digestion Review The pathway of food through the

Digestion Review • The pathway of food through the digestive system begins with the mouth and goes through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum respectively.

• The wave-like motion that keeps food traveling in the right direction is called __peristalsis___. • Carbohydrates are comprised of __sugars__ and __starches____. • Examples of sugars are: icing, candy, cola • Examples of starches are: potatoes, rice, bread, cereal • _Amylase___ is the enzyme in saliva that begins breaking down starches while in the mouth.

• Nutrition Fact Labels give information that helps the consumer know how much nutrition, fat, calories, etc. are in each serving of food. Why is this important?

• The tongue, teeth, and stomach cut, tear, mash, and break down food into smaller pieces as part of _mechanical_ digestion. • The stomach, liver, and pancreas aid with _chemical_ digestion by using enzymes to break down food in the digestive system. • The stomach enzyme that is catalyzed by HCI and known for chemical digestion in the stomach is _pepsin__. • The 3 major types of food are _carbs_, _proteins__, and _fats___.

• Starches are bands of sugars that need to be broken down in order to be absorbed into the body. • The organ in which protein digestion begins is the _stomach_. • In which part of the digestive system does most digestion occur? Small intestine

• The _liver_ makes bile that is stored in the gall bladder and used to help break down fats. • What is an ulcer in the stomach? A hole • What is a sphincter? Muscle ring that opens/closes to control passage of materials • Approximately how long is the adult human digestive system? 8 -10 meters • What is the purpose of mucus? Coat and protect the lining of digestive system • What does the epiglottis do? Flap that separates the esophagus from trachea to prevent food/drink from going into lungs

• _Pepsin_ is the enzyme that digests protein in the stomach. • The small intestine is lined with folds covered in villi and microvilli. These three increase the internal surface area of the small intestine 600 times. • Nutrients are passed through the cells lining the digestive tract in a process called absorption.

• The pancreas creates pancreatic juice that is packed with enzymes that help digest carbs, proteins, and fats. • By the time food particles make it to the colon (large intestine), the food has already been digested, and all that is left is undigested waste that needs to be eliminated. • Water and minerals pass through the walls of the colon back into the bloodstream.

• What control did we use to compare results? • What solution did we use to perform a sugar test? Starch test? • What is an indicator? • When you performed a sugar test on amylase and starch solution, what happened? What color? What did this indicate?