Difficulties in monitoring useful realtime midlatitude geomagnetic disturbances

Difficulties in monitoring useful realtime midlatitude geomagnetic disturbances: Local Disturbance index and Local Current index Difficulties at midlatitude The focus of the Sq currents Local Day-to-day variability Midlatitude Real-time Antonio Guerrero, Consuelo Cid, Judith Palacios, Elena Saiz and Yolanda Cerrato University of Alcalá, Space Weather Group, SPAIN High resolutio n

THE PROCEDURE Running in realtime [Patented -Scientific open license] Local Disturbance index for Spain [LDiñ] Local Current index for Spain [LCiñ] Antonio Guerrero, Consuelo Cid, Judith Palacios, Elena Saiz and Yolanda Cerrato University of Alcalá, Space Weather Group, SPAIN

Local Current index vs GIC measurements Geomagnetically Induced Currents at Meson power station 7 -9 June 2014 16 -19 March 2015 Geomagnetic field measured at San Pablo – Toledo observatory Antonio Guerrero, Consuelo Cid, Judith Palacios, Elena Saiz and Yolanda Cerrato University of Alcalá, Space Weather Group, SPAIN

If we had just one record of a very extreme t n e Earthquake ev If u o y n o d a L s s i A C m O o t L t K Cid et al. , 2016, n N a I w A Carrington-like event in the t TH ’ ≈800 n. T ≈1600 n T Would you expect the next one to ring the whole Earth? n o t g n to show up on a So, why are we waiting for a Carrington event i r ar Kp…)? global geomagnetic index C (Dst, 21 st century Antonio Guerrero, Consuelo Cid, Judith Palacios, Elena Saiz and Yolanda Cerrato University of Alcalá, Space Weather Group, SPAIN