Different Kinds of Agriculture Subsistence LDC Shifting Cultivation

Different Kinds of Agriculture Subsistence (LDC) Shifting Cultivation Commercial (MDC) Dairy Slash-and-burn Grain Pastoral nomadism Livestock Mediterranean Commercial gardening Aquaculture Plantation (LDCs) Intensive wet rice and non-rice dominant Lots of work

Shifting Cultivation (Extensive) Largest percentage world’s land area Two types Slash-and-burn Pastoral nomadism of Criticisms Upsets ecology (desertification) Destroys natural resources Uses a lot of land & produces little food Soil shows negative effects for years after

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture Humid, low-latitude climates South America, Sub-Saharan Africa & Southeast Asia

Pastoral Nomadism (Extensive) Dry climates North Africa, Middle East, North & West China Herding domesticated animals Nomads = migratory Trade animal products for food (predominantly grain) Transhumance Seasonal migration

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Various climates South Asia & East Asia Largest percentage of world’s people Densely populated areas East, South & Southeast Asia Small plots of land Virtually no land wasted Little to no machinery

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Wet Rice Dominant Wet Rice Not Dominant Seedling grown in nursery Field plowed by animals Transplant seedling Flood field (sawah) Northern China, India Double-cropping Dominant crop: Wheat Also, barley, corn, etc. Climate Low rain levels Harsh winters

Plantation Farming (Intensive) Warm/humid climates Commercial Agriculture LDCs Central & South America, Africa & Asia Specializes in one or two crops Latin America = coffee, sugarcane, bananas Asia = rubber & palm oil https: //www. youtube. com/watc h? v=OTVE 5 i. PMKLg

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Mixed Crop & Livestock (Intensive) Warm or cold mid-latitude climates 1. Most crops go to animals Feedlot 2. Animals produce manure 3. Manure used to improve soil fertility to grow more crops Land Income To crops Animal products U. S. = corn, soybeans Corn Belt = Ohio to Dakotas

Dairy Farming (Intensive) Cold mid-latitude climates (generally) Northern U. S. (from New England to upper Midwest) Western & Northern Europe SE Australia & Northern New Zealand Milkshed Closer to milkshed = more milk Farther from milkshed = more butter, cheese, dried, evaporated milk

Grain Farming (Intensive) Dry or warm mid-latitude climates Products Top producers Wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley China & India Top exporters U. S. (by far) 1. Wheat Belt 1. 1. Winter = Kansas, Colorado & Oklahoma 2. Spring = Dakotas, Montana & Saskatchewan 2. Canada 3. Argentina 4. Australia 5. France

Livestock Ranching (Extensive) Dry climates Same as Nomadic Pastoralism Differences Not nomadic, commercial vs. subsistence Livestock Fattening (Feedlot) Fatten cattle & hogs for slaughter Efficient? 21 lbs grain = 1 lb edible meat U. S. Expanded in 1860 s Cattle drives from Texas to railroads Livestock vs. Sedentary farming “Range wars” Barbed wire https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=p_p. Ly 7 Gjlww

Mediterranean Agriculture (Intensive) Warm mid-latitude climates Southern Europe, North Africa, western Asia, California, central Chile, SW South Africa, SW Australia Moisture & mild winters Hot & dry summers Horticulture Fruits, vegetables, flowers Tree crops

Commercial Gardening (Intensive) Humid climate And access to markets “Market Gardening” or Truck farming Truck = “to carry” or “to exchange” Southeast Northeast “Specialty Farming” Asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries, etc.

Fishing & Aquaculture (Intensive…. . unless) Globally, fish supply just 6% of the protein people consume – but in East Asia it’s over 25%. The world’s oceans are divided into 18 major fishing regions. Most – especially in the North Atlantic, and East China Sea – have been badly overfished. As a result, aquaculture – “fish farming” – has become very important. https: //www. ted. com/talks/dan_barber_how_i_fell_in_love_wi th_a_fish? language=en