Different activitytravel participation of different generation in different

Different activity-travel participation of different generation in different life cycle stages of women in Sweden Yusak O. Susilo, Chengxi Liu, Maria Börjesson Transport Science Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm

Study background This study explores the long term changes of women’s (work and non-work) activity travel patterns over different life cycle and generations. There has been a significant increase in the amount of crosssectional studies that explored the women’ travel behaviours. But the socio-economics and spatial structures are changing overtime, and so as the travellers – adapt and anticipate. Source: IFMO, 2013

Study background It is clear that women travellers have different decision making processes and time-space constraints, compared to their male counterparts – but how these differences would shape the long term evolutions of travel pattern differently? In Sweden: - A surge in women participation in labour maket - The definition of traditional hierarchical structure of innerfamily and household have been ”modernised”/”relaxed”. - Improvement (generous) of social-welfare policies Data: Swedish National Travel Survey in 1978, 1984, 1994 to 1997, 1999 to 2001, 2005 to 2006, 2011 – person trips.

Overview of men’s vs women’s activity-travel parameters over time Weighted based on age, gender to represent the whole population in the given year. The star means the corresponding activity travel parameter of women in the given year is significantly different from that of men at 5% significant level.

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 total: <1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: <1930 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) Different trends for different generations Women age group

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 total: <1930 s total: 1930 s non-work: <1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: 1930 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) Different trends for different generations Women age group

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 total: <1930 s total: 1940 s non-work: <1930 s non-work: 1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: 1940 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) Different trends for different generations Women age group

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 total: <1930 s total: 1940 s total: 1950 s non-work: <1930 s non-work: 1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: 1940 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) Different trends for different generations Women age group non-work: 1950 s

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 total: <1930 s total: 1940 s total: 1950 s total: 1960 s non-work: <1930 s non-work: 1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: 1940 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) Different trends for different generations Women age group non-work: 1950 s non-work: 1960 s

total: <1930 s 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 total: 1930 s total: 1940 s total: 1950 s total: 1960 s total: 1970 s non-work: <1930 s non-work: 1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: 1940 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) Different trends for different generations Women age group non-work: 1950 s non-work: 1960 s non-work: 1970 s

Different trends for different generations total: 1930 s 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 total: 1940 s total: 1950 s total: 1960 s total: 1970 s total: 1980 s non-work: <1930 s non-work: 1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: 1940 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) total: <1930 s Women age group non-work: 1950 s non-work: 1960 s non-work: 1970 s non-work: 1980 s

Different trends for different generations total: 1930 s 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Women who born before 1930 s have much shorter total: 1940 s work duration than the ones who born at later years total: 1950 s The ones who born in the 1970 s and 1980 stotal: 1960 s have total: 1970 s longer out-of-home activities and working duration, than the ones who born in 1950 s and 1960 stotal: 1980 s non-work: <1930 s non-work: 1930 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 non-work: 1940 s <= Daily out-of-home activity duration (min) The non-work time allocation relatively stable throught out generations and ages total: <1930 s Women age group non-work: 1950 s non-work: 1960 s non-work: 1970 s non-work: 1980 s

Different trends for different generations Women who born in the 1970 s and 1980 s less number of trips but longer travel time per trip, than the total trips: <1930 s ones who born in 1950 s and 1960 s total trips: 1930 s 5 total trips: 1940 s total trips: 1950 s 4 total trips: 1960 s 3, 5 total trips: 1970 s total trips: 1980 s 3 Non-work trips: <1930 s 2, 5 Except for 1950 s 20 21 -2 5 26 -3 0 31 -3 5 36 -4 0 41 -4 5 46 -5 0 51 -5 5 56 -6 0 61 -6 5 66 -7 0 71 -7 5 >= 76 2 <= Number of trips 4, 5 Women age group Non-work trips: 1930 s Non-work trips: 1940 s Non-work trips: 1950 s Non-work trips: 1960 s Non-work trips: 1970 s Non-work trips: 1980 s

Different trends for different generations Percentage of car trips in all daily trips (%) The 1970 s and 1980 s have lower percentage car use, especially in the younger age. 65 60 55 car usage: <1930 s 50 car usage: 1930 s 45 car usage: 1940 s 40 car usage: 1950 s car usage: 1960 s 35 car usage: 1970 s 30 car usage: 1980 s 25 <=2021 -2526 -3031 -3536 -4041 -4546 -5051 -5556 -6061 -6566 -7071 -75>=76 Women age group

Different trends for different generations who were at different stages of life cycle Only women between 25 to 55 years old

Different trends for different generations who were at different stages of life cycle Only women between 25 to 55 years old

Different trends for different generations who were at different stages of life cycle Only women between 25 to 55 years old

Investigating the overtime trade-off between activity time and travel, across different generations and life cycle Work duration imposes weaker constraint to non-work activity duration of 1940 s and 1950 s, compared to 1930 s and earlier – expansion childcare in the 1970 s. Work duration only has a small positive influence to the number of work trips – shorter working time is preferred over fewer working day. The earlier generation have shorter duration per non-work activity than their younger counterparts. But younger generation have a longer commute time and distance.

Investigating the overtime trade-off between activity time and travel, across different generations and life cycle Older generation’s (1930 s-1960 s) single mothers have to work longer than the partnered mothers. However, for the younger generation, such constraint is less significant – improvement of welfare system by end of 1970 s to beginning of 1990 s. The presence of children reduces women’s non-work activity duration, more for older generation than their younger counterparts. 1940 s and 1950 s mother are the ones who had the shortest non-work activity duration, with most trip chaining.

Conclusions Being part of different generations and being part of different life cycle are matter – important in policy design. For example: Partnered younger generation mothers with teen children work more than their older generation. However, the impacts is the opposite for mothers with teen children who do not have a spouse. The Swedish social-welfare policies have significant impacts in changes of women activity participations and time allocations overtime. More equality across gender in term of activity and travel participations and durations.

KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THANK YOU QUESTIONS? Yusak O. Susilo; yusak. susilo@abe. kth. se