Difference between Human and Computer 1 Computer Computers

Difference between Human and Computer 1 • Computer ▪ Computers perform complex computation or process large amount of data, control devices, communicate following a stored set of instructions at high speed and without mistaking • Human ▪ Human is able to perform computation without waiting for instruction, and to making appropriate response when the condition of these computations and judgements changes ▪ From the experience on solving various problems, human is able to come up with faster methods ▪ Human is able to process data which is hard to demonstrated in numeric values Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

2 Computer’s components • Components ▪ Hardware • Parts that contain electric circuits ▪ Software (Program) • Things that make orders for hardware to run • Hardware not able to operate by themselves, however if software is installed, they can be used in various purposes Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

3 ICT Foundation Hardware Copyright © Copyright 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project –Project Ohiwa Lab.

4 Function and Structure of Hardware • There are 5 functions of a computer: input, output, storage, process, control Central processing Unit（CPU) Control data Control unit Control data Input device Ouput device Processing unit Main memory External memory Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware CPU 1 5 • Central Processing Unit • Controlling: control the instruction set and the operation of devices that build up the computer • Processing：interpret instructions and execute ▪ Is contructed from processing unit and register ▪ Processing unit uses data from register to carry out calculations 1. Data is sent from main memory or other storage to register 2. Calculation is carried out with the data stored in register 3. From registe result is sent back to main memory or other storage Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware CPU 2 6 • Clock ▪ In order to synchronize the timing of the operation of every parts in CPU, clock signal is sent at fixed interval ▪ Clock signal set the pace for every processes that are executed on CPU ▪ The shorter the interval of clock signal is, the faster that CPU can process • Clock frequency(Hz) ▪ Is the rate of cyles per second of clock signal (How many times clock signal is sent in one second) ▪ Gerenally, the higher the frequency, the faster CPU Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware Storage devices 7 • 2 main types of Storage device • Primary storage (main memory) ▪ Read and write speed is fast ▪ Data being stored here will be lost when the power is turned off • Secondary storage (external memory) ▪ Read and write speed is much slower ▪ Data being stored here will NOT be lost when the power is turned off Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware Main memory 8 • Read and write speed is fast • Data being stored here will be lost when the power is turned off A memory slot A main memory Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware External memory 1 9 • Hard disk ▪ Reads and writes data to a rotating magnetic disk ▪ Data is stored into many concentric ring disks inside ▪ A head (silver, pointed triangle) moves above the disks to read and write data or change track Hard disk outside Hard disk inside 画像出展：Impress PC Watch Intel Core搭載i. Macハードウェアレポート http: //pc. watch. impress. co. jp/docs/2006/0117/imac 01. htm http: //pc. watch. impress. co. jp/docs/2006/0119/imac 02. htm Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware External memory 2 10 • Other external storage ▪ ▪ Floppy disk USB flash disk CD-ROM / CD-RW DVD Drive Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware Performance of Storage Device 11 • Capacity ▪ How many bytes of data can be stored? • Speed ▪ How many bits of data can be read/written in 1 second? ▪ Main memory is usually several hundreds of thousands times faster than secondary storage. Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

12 Main memory and external memory’s role CPU Main memory External memory 「福沢先生は、山羊座である」

13 Main memory and external memory’s role Save as file CPU Main memory External

General view and function of Hardware Input device 14 • To deliver user’s intention to computer • To insert data into computer http: //store. apple. com/0120 -APPLE画像出展　The Apple Store 1/Web. Objects/japanstore. woa/wa/RSLID? nnmm=m ain&mco=EC 571521 • Keyboard • Pointing devices ▪ Mouse ▪ Touchpad ▪ Pen tablet • Scanner • Microphone Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

General view and function of Hardware Output device 15 • To display processed result to user • Display ▪ LCD ▪ CRT • Printer • Speaker 画像出展　The Apple Store http: //store. apple. com/0120 -APPLE 1/Web. Objects/japanstore. woa/wa/RSLID? nnmm=m ain&mco=EC 571521 Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

【Exercise】 Let’s check your PC’s specification 16 • Check the specification of your PC and fill out the form ▪ Manufacturer, Model name ▪ HDD or SSD（capacity），CPU(type, frequency）， memory(capacity)，OS ▪ Weight，display（size, resolution），External drive （type, format），battery lifetime ▪ Dimension (width x height x depth) • Let’s compare with others’ Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

17 ICT Foundation Software Copyright © Copyright 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project –Project Ohiwa Lab.

18 Software (Program) • Hardware can not operate themselves (computer will be just a box if there is no software installed) • A sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute is called program • Many data can be used in many ways by installing programs Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

What is the different between a computer and a calculator? 19 • Both of them can calculate • Calculator ▪ Procedures and data are in user’s mind ▪ Users input data following the procedures ▪ Input speed is slow • Computer (= calculator + memory) ▪ Program and data are stored inside (which is called von Neumann architecture) ▪ Followed by that program, CPU will excute the calcucation ▪ Can operate in high speed Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.

Execution of Software 20 Invoking Application CPU Execution Instruction１ Instruction ２・・・ Secondary storage

Execution of Software 21 Input/Output of Data CPU Execution instruction HTML Secondary storage data

22 Basic Software and Application Software • Application software ▪ Is called “application” ▪ Is used for specific purpose and work ▪ Word processor Software，Spreadsheet Software，Mail Software • Basic Software ▪ Operating System (OS) • Is used to help applications run smoothly ▪ Language Processor（Compiler） • Provides function which is used to make program Copyright © 2010, IT Gatekeeper Project – Ohiwa Lab. All rights reserved.