Dietary Reference Intakes By Jennifer Turley and Joan

Presentation Overview • Defining DRIs • Looking at nutrients with DRIs • Understanding how DRIs are used

What are DRIs? • Standards to guide safe & adequate intakes of essential nutrients for healthy humans. – Sick individuals have different needs. • The year 2001, 2002, 2004 revision values were designed to promote optimal function & health for healthy people. • Are specific for groups of people based on: life stage, gender, conditions of pregnancy & lactation. • Are adequate for moderately active people.

How are DRIs established? RDA: level to meet 97 -98% of needs • By scientific AI: average or mean intake level. committee literature review. EAR: average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the • Nutrients are given requirement of half the needs. an Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), or Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) value by life stage & gender.

Other DRI Components • Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for vitamins & minerals. – Highest intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects. • Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for energy producing nutrients & essential fatty acids. – % Calorie range. • Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for Calories. • DRI for physical activity.

DRIs Exist For: • Vitamins: – A, D, E, K, B 1 (thiamin), B 2 (riboflavin), B 3 (niacin), B 6, B 12, folate, vitamin C – biotin, pantothenic acid, choline • Minerals: – Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, I, Se – Cu, Mn, Cr, Mo, F – Na, K, Cl • Water: – Men ≥ 19 years: 3. 7 L/day (approx. 15 cups) – Women ≥ 19 years : 2. 7 L/day (approx. 11 cups)

DRI for Protein • The adult DRI for protein is set at 0. 8 grams/Kg. This level is for inactive persons. • See appendix for gram/Kg need for infants, children, and adolescents. • Although not DRIs: Active persons need more than the DRI, approximately 1. 2 - 1. 6 grams/Kg. Endurance athletes need more than the DRI, approximately 1. 8 -2. 0 grams/Kg.

DRI for Calories • Is calculated from formulas (See Appendix). • Is set as an EAR and is the called the estimated energy requirement (EER). • The EER is based on age, gender, and physical activity. • The formulas require height in meters and weight in kilograms.

DRI for Carbohydrate, Fiber & Fat • Carbohydrate: At least 130 gm/day for adults • Fiber: 38 gm/d 25 gm/d, [adults] • 1. 4 gm/100 Calories consumed • FAT: not determined for adults • Essential Fatty Acids: • Linoleic Acid: 17 12 [adults, gm/d ] • Alpha-Linolenic Acid: 1. 6 1. 1 [adults, gm/d ]

DRI for Exercise • There is a DRI for exercise! • It is 60 minutes cumulative moderate exercise per day. • That means moving body parts and sweating while you are doing it.

AMDRs

Na, K, Cl & Water • In 2004 the DRI was published for Water and the Electrolytes (Na, Cl, and K) • Sodium (Na): 1. 5 gm if 19 -50 years Sodium • Chloride (Na. Cl): 19 -50 years 3. 8 gm (3. 8 gm Na. Cl – 1. 5 gm Na = 2. 3 gm/day of Cl) • Potassium (K): 4. 7 gm/day if >18 • Water: 2. 7 L/day if 3. 7 L/day if

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: ULs • For vitamins with DRIs • For minerals with DRIs • For arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium

DRIs Do Not Exist For: • • Cholesterol Sulfur (sulfate) Cobalt Non-essential, nutritional supplements

DRIs • Are used to achieve nutritional balance and health in the population. • Are used in nutrition assessment, meal planning, health care, research, food industry, national defense, food programs, public policy, etc.

Summary • DRIs are a collection of values to express a persons nutrient need based on their life stage & gender. • The exact DRI value may be as an RDA, AI, EAR depending on scientific information available for each nutrient. • DRIs are expressed as ULs and AMDRs. • For Calories the DRI is called the EER. • There is DRI recommendation for Physical activity. • The DRIs are standards that have many important purposes and uses. References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 2 of the textbook