Did you Know Normal Respiration is We breath

Did you Know? • Normal Respiration is? • We breath ____ many times per day? • We breath nearly _______ gallons of air in 24 hours • Adult lungs hold nearly _____ quarts of air • Each breath is equal to about a ______

Respiratory System • Responsible for exchange of oxygen (O 2) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) • Breathing or Ventilation is the process in which this exchange happens • Respiratory system is divided into – Upper Respiratory Tract – Lower Respiratory Tract

Upper Respiratory Tract • Air is drawn into the Nasal Cavity – Lined with mucous membranes and cilia – Air is filtered heated and moistened – Divided R and L side by the Nasal Septum

Upper Respiratory Tract • Within our nose are receptors for the sense of smell: What cranial nerve relays this info? • Air moves from the nasal cavity into the pharynx • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx

Structures of the Pharynx • Nasopharynx: lymph tissue Adenoids • Oropharynx: lymph tissue Palatine Tonsils • Laryngopharynx: contains the Larynx and the epiglottis what is the role of the epiglottis?

Upper Respiratory Tract • From the Pharynx air moves into the Trachea – How does the Trachea stay open?

Lower Respiratory Tract • Trachea divides into two branches Bronchi – Both are composed of mucous membranes and cilia – What holds the Bronchi open?

Lower Respiratory Tract • Bronchi divide into smaller and smaller branches eventually forming Bronchioles • At the end of the Bronchioles are tiny air sacks called alveoli

Lower Respiratory Tract • Near to the Alveoli are the Pulmonary capillaries – It is here that CO 2 and O 2 Diffuse back and forth

Lower Respiratory Tract • Lungs are divided into lobes: 3 Lobes on the R and 2 Lobes on the L • Space between the lungs is Mediastinum what structures are found here?

Lower Respiratory Tract • A serous membrane called the Pleura covers the lungs

Lower Respiratory Tract • Ventilation depends on a pressure the action of the Diaphragm – Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts decreasing pressure within the chest and drawing air in – Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes reentering the thoracic cavity increasing the pressure within the chest as the pressure increases air leaves.

Respiration • • Pulmonary Ventilation: Is? External Respiration: Is? Transport of Respiratory Gases: Is? Internal Respiration: Is?

Upper and Lower function together • http: //teachhealthk 12. uthscsa. edu/studentresources/Anatomyof Breathing 3. swf

Getting the Wind Knocked out of you • A kind of Diaphragm Spasm that occurs when sudden force is applied to the abdomen putting pressure on the solar plexus – Temporary paralysis of diaphragm – Making it difficult to breathe

Study of the Lungs • Pulmonology: the medical specialty concerned with the respiratory system • Pulmonologist: The Physician who treats Disorders of the Respiratory system

New Words • • • Nas/o, Rhin/o Sept/o Adenoid/o Tonsill/o Pharyng/o Epiglott/o Laryng/o Trache/o Bronchi/o, Bronch/o Bronchiol/o Alveol/o Pleur/o

New Words • • • Pneum/o, Pneumon/o Pulmon/o Lob/o Ox/i, Ox/o Thorac/o Phren/o

The best use of our lungs • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ZWHpc. KX t-q. Q&feature=related

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • COPD: chronic partial obstruction of the air passages – Symptoms? – 3 Major disorders • Asthma • Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema

Asthma • Produces a Bronchospasm this may be sudden and violent Paroxysmal and lead to dyspnea – What are the causes of Asthma? – What is the category of the main medications used?

Chronic Bronchitis • Inflammation of the bronchi – Causes? – Symptoms? – The two types of medications used are Bronchodilators and Expectorants

Emphysema • Decreased elasticity of the alveoli- they dilate but do not contract – Leading to barrel chest appearance – Easier to breath sitting upright Orthopnea

Pleural Effusions • Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity – Auscultation and Percussion, CXR or MRI – http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=HDhkerh 6 ZZk &safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&saf e=active

Pleural Effusions • Transudate: non-inflammatory fluid resembles serum – Left ventricular heart failure or liver disorders • Exudate: high in protein usually contains blood and immune cells – Tumors, infections, inflammation

Types of Pleural Effusions • Hemothorax: pleural effusion caused by blood • Pneumothorax: air in the pleural space leading to a collapse of the lungs

Atelectasis • Collapsed or airless state of the lung and affects all or part of the lung

Thoracentesis • Surgical puncture of the chest using a hollowbore needle: removes excess fluid or air – Can be diagnostic or therapeutic – https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=no. Dxydbo. Lr A

Tuberculosis (TB) • Bacterial infection in the lungs – Produces inflammatory nodules: Granulomas

Pneumonia • Inflammatory disease caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi • Sx: Angina, mucopurulent sputum, Hemoptysis- spitting up blood

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome • ARDS: The lungs no longer function effectively, threatening life – Caused by- trauma, sever pneumonia and other major infections • The alveoli become edematous then collapse • Mechanical ventilation is often required

Apnea • Temporary loss of breathing – Obstructive, central, mixed – https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=mj. Qd. Af 9 c. QB o

Asphyxia • Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

Croup • Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and sometimes lungs • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_vg. OOu. B KKu 8&feature=related

Pertussis • Acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound, also called “whooping cough” • What is the vaccination for this? • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 ak. JVes. M dvs

Epiglottitis • Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottis structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age

Pleurisy • Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing

Pulmonary Embolus • Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter

Abnormal Breath Sounds • Cheyne-Stokes Respirations: deep then shallow breathing patterns (damaged respiratory center of the brain) – http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Cr. Kfmfu. P 9 l 4 • Crackle: caused by air entering moisture filled alveoli – http: //www. stethographics. com/main/physiology _ls_fine. html

Abnormal Breath Sounds • Rhonchus: course, rattling noise similar to snoring (secretion in the larger airways) – http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ye. IA 3 e. HHWlc&fe ature=related • Stridor: High pitched, harsh breath sounds (swelling of the larynx, upper airway obstruction) – http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 Enq 2 Bv. X 9 aw&fe ature=fvwrel • Wheeze: Whistling of sighing sound (narrow lumen)

Abnormal Breath Sounds • Wheeze: Whistling of sighing sound (narrow lumen)

Hypoxemia • Deficiency of oxygen in the blood • Monitored with Oximetry: monitor hemoglobin(Hb) saturated with oxygen

Hypoxia • Deficiency of oxygen in tissues

Pulmonary Function Tests • Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane – https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 rj. N 2_h. DXEY

Bronchoscopy • Visual examination of the bronchi using endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UL 6 o. W 8 Odkx. U

Laryngoscopy • Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury

Sputum culture • Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract

Throat culture • Test used to identify pathogens, especially group Strep A

Rhinoplasty • Reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes

Tracheostomy • Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea which a breathing tube may be inserted • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=E 8 irj. J 4 y. M Mg