Dialectology Regional dialect Social dialect Dialectology The scientific

Dialectology -Regional dialect -Social dialect

Dialectology The scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics. It studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. • Accent: accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation. E. g. water in Cockney accent water in London accent • Dialect : A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation , grammar, or vocabulary, especially a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language

Commonly studied concepts in dialectology include the problem of Mutual intelligibility Diaglossia Dialect continuum •

Mutual intelligibility • A situation in which two or more speakers of a language (or of closely related languages) can understand each other

Diaglossia • In sociolinguistics, a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community. • Bilingual diglossia: is a type of diglossia in which one language is used for writing and another for speech.

Dialect continuum • A dialect continuum, or dialect area, was defined by Leonard Bloomfield as a range of dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas, but as one travels in any direction, these differences accumulate such that speakers from opposite ends of the continuum are no longer mutually intelligible

• An isogloss—also called is the locative boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature. Major dialects are typically demarcated by groups of isoglosses; for example the Benrath line distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages; and the La Spezia–Rimini Line divides the Northern Italian dialects from Central Italian dialects. However, an individual isogloss may or may not have any coincidence with a language border Definition: Isogloss: a term that refers to the boundary lines that mark the areas in which certain dialect words are used.

• Definition: Regional dialects: involve features of pronunciation , vocabulary and grammar which differ according to the geographical area the speakers come from. If the form of speech transmitted from a parent to a child is a distinct regional dialect, that dialect is said to be the child's vernacular. The chapter focuses on language variation in monolingual communities. In UK for example, the English variety used in Scotland differs than that used in England.

What is the differences between standard and vernacular languages? Standard language: Is a highly elevated language that’s used within governments , school , educated people for a formal usage. Vernacular language: It generally refers to a language which has not been standardized or codified and which does not have official status un-codified or standardized variety. It generally refers to the most colloquial variety in a person's linguistic repertoire.

British English/American English Vocabulary British English American English barrister attorney bill (restaurant) bill, check biscuit cookie block of flats apartment building bonnet (clothing) hat bonnet (car) hood boot trunk

International varieties: 1. On the accent level: The word (dad) pronounced by a New Zealander would sound like (dead) to a British speaker. (Bad) would also sound like (bed). The word (god) pronounced by an American would sound like (guard) to a British speaker. (Latter) would also sound like (ladder). 2. On Vocabulary level: Australians use the form (sole parents), while the people of England use (single parents), and New Zealanders call them (solo parents). The American speaker would say (gas) while the British would say (petrol), (elevator) instead of (lift), and (luggage) instead of (baggage). 3. On the grammatical level: The Americans would use the form (do you have) rather than (have you got), and (did you play? ) rather than (have you played? ) They would also use the form (gotten) while the British use (got). The Spanish or French varieties also differ on these levels the same way the English verities differ. Canadian French and Parisian French are different French dialects. For example, the word (job) is (Travail) in Paris, while it is (djobe) in Montréal. The word beggar is (mendiant) in France while (queteux) in Quebec. The word cinema is (vues) in Canada while it is (cinema) in France. On the level of grammar, grammatical gender also differs. For example, the word appetite (appetite) and midday (midi) are feminine in Canada while they are masculine in France. Also, the pattern of using the two verbs (avoir) and (etre) to mark the aspect tense differ from Canada to Paris.

Intra-national or intra-continental variation: • Here the focus is on the dialect differences within one country. For example, in U. K. the Cockney differs from Scouse and from Geordie. The Cockney is distinguished with its glottal stop /? / instead of /t/ in words like (butter) or (bottle). USA is also divided by dialectologists into three divisions: Northern, Midland Southern. For example, within the midland area, Boston dialect differs from NY. Within NY Brooklynese is also different. In the rural Appalachians you can hear words like Clifft or acrosst, or verbs with a-prefixes such as a-fishin, a-comin. In the eastern states, words for (dragonfly) include snake feeder, snake doctor, snake waiter or darning needle, while New York uses only darning needle. • There is less regional variation in the areas where English was introduced earlier such as New Zealand Australia although there is a social variation. In such countries where there is intranational communication, and small population, the regional variation was not able to develop. In New Zealand, dialect differences are greater in Maori than in English. For example, Maori words starting with (wh) differ in pronunciation from one palce to another. On the level of vocabulary, the word fish in most

Cross-continental variation (dialect chains): We have three dialect chains across Europe: 1. One links all dialects of German, Dutch and Flemish from Switzerland through Austria and Germany to the Netherlands and Belgium. 2. One links dialects of Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French and Italian. 3. A Scandinavian chain links between Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. Therefore, the Swedes and Norwegians The chains are also found in India, and they clarify the arbitrariness of the distinction between language and dialect. Defining the contrast between German and Dutch or Swedish and Norwegian using only linguistic features is difficult. This is because the linguistic features overlap, and usage in one area emerges to another. Therefore we must look to the social and political functions of the language as well as its linguistic features. Therefore, a language is a group of dialects that are usually linguistically similar, used by different social groups who choose to say that they are speakers of one language that unite them and represent them to other groups. This explains why a Chinese who speaks Mandarin does not

A. C Baugh pointed out that in one place, at times, you can mark three dialectal regions in a single shire. Modern American English consists of dialects such as Eastern New England, Mid-southern, Inland Northern, Southern, General American North, Midland, New York, and Black English Vernacular. (KSA) is a large country divided into thirteen regions. Accordingly, many dialects are used by the local citizens of these specific regions. Three or four major dialects are spoken. For example, the Hijjazian dialect is used in the west, the Najdian dialect is used in the central part of the country,

Social dialect · A variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Also known as sociolect. · A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language. Adjective: dialectal.

Standard English • Dialectal differences are connected with social classes, educational levels, or both. • [More-highly educated speakers and, often, those belonging to a higher social class tend to use more features belonging to the standard language, whereas the original dialect of the region is better preserved in the speech of the lower and less-

Caste dialects People can be grouped together on the basis of similar social and economic factors. There are caste systems determined by birth, and strict social rules govern the kind of behavior appropriate to each group. The rules cover such matters as the kind of job people can have, who they can marry, how they should dress, etc. A person dialect is an indication of their social background.

Social class dialects --Vocabulary: Educational differences between speakers affect the extent of their vocabulary. In addition, practically every profession has its own expressions, which include the technical terminology and sometimes also the casual words or idioms peculiar to the group. Slang too is characterized mainly by a specific vocabulary and is much more flexible than an ordinary dialect, as it is subject to fashion and depends strongly on the speaker’s age group. [Example : upper-class speakers (u speakers) used "sitting room" rather than "lounge" (non-u)]

Pronunciation Example: page 144. The highest social group drops the least number of "h"s and the lowest group omits the most. Grammatical patterns: Example: 1. Jim isn't stupid 2. Jim ain't stupid

The Social Classes All languages contain social or class differences in dialects, It is important to recognize that to some extent one can be wealthy (or even powerful) and not belong to the upper class. Social class involves more than the amount of money one makes; it includes a variety of overt and often more subtle cultural behaviors, including language.

* Upper-Class Dialect Who uses this dialect? This is the dialect of the nobility and royalty. Anyone with a proper title speaks like this. * Lower class Who uses this dialect? This is the dialect of the scum of the earth - beggars, thieves, servants of commoners.

class differences are influenced by a variety of social and economic factors including such things as income, education, family background, ethnicity, region, and ethnicity. It might be more appropriate to say that we don't have one upper class but many different upper classes that are related hierarchically to each other based on a variety of factors. The same thing can be said for lower socio-economic classes. Therefore, different regions will construct social classes in different ways.