Diagrams from Past Papers L C Biology 2004
Diagrams from Past Papers L. C. Biology 2004 – 2011 H. L. & O. L.
How to use this presentation • • Look at the diagram Identify the diagram Name all the parts, give their functions What other information / questions are associated with this diagram 2
TRACHEA BRONCHUS PHARYNX BRONCHIOLE ALVEOLI 3
CENTROMERE CENTRIOLE SPINDLE FIBRES (PROTEIN) CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE 4
THE MOUSE GETS ENERGY BY AEROBIC RESPIRATION (CYTOSOL AND MITOCHONDRIA IN EVERY CELL IN THE ORGANISM THAT IS THE MOUSE) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 + ENERGY AIR IN (CO 2 AND O 2) CONICAL FLASK AIR IN (CO 2 AND O 2) O 2 IN, RESPIRATION, CO 2 OUT LIMEWATER TURNS MILKY IN PRESENCE OF CO 2 5
PULMONARY ARTERY HEART IS MADE OF TISSUE CALLED: CARDIAC MUSCLE SEMI-LUNAR VALVES AORTA LEFT ATRIA VENA CAVA BICUSPID VALVE TRICUPID VALVE LEFT VENTRICLE SEPTUM 6
3. DENITRIFYING BACTERIA LIGHTNING NITRIFYING BACTERIA 1. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA DECOMPOSE 2. NITRIFYING BACTERIA 7
TUBING LIMEWATER TURNS MILKY (CO 2) ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS THERMOMETER (OPTIMUM TEMP. ) STOPPER WATER BATH ENZYME (CATALYST) 8
GROUND TISSUE (STORES FOOD) ROOT HAIRS PHLOEM (FOOD) XYLEM (WATER) 9
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SPORANGIUM STOLON RHIZOIDS 11
FILAMENT CARPEL (STYLE, STIGMA AND OVARY) PETAL OVARY ANTHER SEPALS 12
STOMATA GUARD CELL GROUND TISSUE 13
STIGMA OVARY EMBRYONIC SAC/SEED POLAR NUCLEI INTEGUMENTS 14
LIGAMENT CARTILAGE 15
Food web = two or more interconnected food chains Tertiary producer Secondary Consumer Primary producer 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level 16
BLADDER PROSTATE GLAND URETHRA URETER COWPERS GLAND Sperm duct testes SCROTUM EPIDIDYMIS 17
OXYGEN GAS 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Test tube upside down beaker Funnel (upside down) PONDWATER OR WATER WITH EXCESS CALCIUM CARBONATE ELODEA 18
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TRACHEIDS VESSELS SIEVE PLATE PITS SIEVE PLATE CELL XYLEM COMPANION CELL PHLOEM 20
VILLI OF THE SMALL INTESTINE LACTEAL (ABSORBS FATS) CONNECTIVE TISSUE (LINKS TO THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) VILLUS (MILLIONS OF THESE CREATE A LARGE SURFACE AREA, ONE CELL THICK FOR EASY DIFFUSION) 21
N. B. Different concentrations of IAA have different effects on the roots and shoots of a plant, such as mustard seeds. Very low concentrations of IAA stimulate root growth but have no effect on the shoot. % STIMULATION BY THE ROOTS Higher concentrations of IAA stimulate shoot growth but inhibit root growth. Very high concentrations of IAA inhibit both root and shoot growth. 22
ANTHER STAMEN FILAMENT 23
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE FOOD VACUOLE PSEUDOPODIA NUCLEUS 24
CENTRIOLE CHROMOSOME SPINDLE FIBRES 25
FLAGELLUM DNA LOOP CAPSULE CELL WALL 26
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CORTEX MEDULLA RENAL PELVIS URETER 28
SCATTERED VASCULAR BUNDLES = MONOCOT ROOT HAIRS GROUND TISSUE VASCULAR TISSUE DERMAL TISSUE TRANVERSE SECTION OF A MONOCOT STEM TRANVERSE SECTION OF A DICOT ROOT 29
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D and d are alleles for a sex-linked trait. Female Human Karyotype A is linked to B and a is linked to b C is not linked to D and d is not linked to c. 32
XYLEM GROUND TISSUE DERMAL TISSUE PHLOEM 33
A PLANT CELL E. G: AN ONION Cell wall Large vacuole nucleus cytoplasm 34
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Yeast cell reproducing by ‘BUDDING’. A = Vacuole B = Food bodies or it could be the cytoplasm 38
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Blackberries Sycamore fruit 88
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No. Of oxygen bubbles / rate of photosynthes is Distance (m) At low light intensities, the rate of photosynthesis increases with the intensity; the rate is directly proportional to intensity but this graph is different and it makes it a difficult LC Q as it is inversely proportional to distance 138
LC Q: Interpret and explain the graph. Plankton is the collective name for all free-floating organisms in water. While zooplankton refers to the animals, phytoplankton encompasses the plants. They range from one-celled algae to multicellular floating plants. Although most phytoplankton are too small to see with the naked eye, scientist can tell whether or not the water contains lots of plankton by the colour of the sea. One-celled algae are responsible for producing 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere. Without these microscopic plants, we would not be able to survive! They also form the basis of the food pyramid in the sea. In order to grow, phytoplankton is dependent upon sunlight and nutrients. The amount of light and nutrients can vary throughout the year. In the winter, there is too little light for the phytoplankton to grow. Therefore, few phytoplankton are found in the winter. An increase in sunlight is the most important factor for determining the increase of phytoplankton in the spring. The growth can occur quickly, with a cell division every day. They consume the nutrients causing the nutrient line on the graph to decrease. Therefore, as winter ends and spring starts – light and temperature increase. The growth of phytoplankton increase and they use up the nutrients so the nutrients decrease! 139
Population numbers change over time, influenced by births, deaths and migration into or out of the area. Global population levels, having grown slowly for most of human history, are now rising. The increase in the size of a population (such as the human population) is an example of exponential growth. The human population grew at the slow rate of less than 0. 002 percent a year for the first several million years of our existence. Since then the average annual rate of human population has increased to an all-time high of 2. 06 percent in 1970. As the base number of people undergoing growth has increased, it has taken less and less time to add each new billion people. It took 2 million years to add the first billion people; 130 years to add the second billion; 30 years to add the third billion; 15 years to add the fourth billion; and only 12 years to add the fifth billion. We are now approaching the eighth billion! 140
FALLOPIAN TUBE ENDOMETRIUM UTERUS OVARY FERTILISATION CERVIX 141
THREE TYPES OF BACTERIA COCCI SPIRAL ROD 142
1. 2. 3. 4. PROPHASE METAPHASE ANANPHASE TELOPHASE 143
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (THE BRAIN) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (THE SPINAL CORD) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 144
TRANVERSE SECTION OF A LEAF GUARD CELL DERMAL LAYER PALISADE LAYER VASCULAR TISSUE GROUND TISSUE STOMATA 145
ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS OF MUSCLES: WHEN ONE MUSCLE CONTRACTS THE OTHER RELAXES. BICEPS TRICEPS 146
PENIS URETHRA VAS DEFERENS (SPERM DUCT) TESTES 147
LENS RETINA 148
THIS DEMO SHOWS THAT RED WATER WILL MOVE UP THROUGH THE PLANT. THE OIL STOPS ANY WATER EVAPORATING. THE LEVEL OF WATER DROPS AS IT MOVES INTO THE PLANT. 149
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