Diagram Syllable stress tonic acc stress tonic acc
- Diagram: Syllable +stress +tonic acc. -stress -tonic acc. +full V -full V (reduced [ə]) Primary stressed syllable: +stress, +tonic accent, +full V. Secondary stressed syllable: +stress, -tonic accent, +full V. Unstressed syllable: -stress, -tonic accent, +/-full V. [fə. tá. stress - + tonic accent - + full V. - + (4 1 grə. fi] - - - + 4 3) [fò. + + (2 tə. grǽ. fək] - + - + 4 1 4)
- Generalizations in detecting the secondary stress: (a) The longest sequence of reduced vowels in an English word is predominantly two. (b) A full vowel (non-diphthongal) will have stress unless: - it is in the final open syllable; - the word has two other more prominent syllables; - it is one of the alternating cases of /i, o, u/ with [ə]. (c) In general, secondary stress comes before the primary stress (major pitch change tends to be on the last stressed syllable). - If there is only one syllable before the primary stress, this is usually unaccented (so as not to place two stressed syllables next to one another): divinity [də. ví. nə. ti] urbanity [ɚ. bǽ. nə. ti] ** exception: martini [màr. tí. ni], rhinoceros [ràɪ. ná. s(ə). rəs] cf) cucumber [kjú. kʌm. bɚ] hierarchy [haí(ə)ràrki] - When there are more than two syllables before the primary stress, a secondary accent will fall on second or third syllables back according to the presence of a full vowel(e. g. Gratification [græ. tə. fə. ké. ʃən], bibliography [bì. bli. á. grə. fi]
- pronunciation: stress tonic accent full V [prə. - nʌn. si. e. ʃən] + - - + + ↑ ↑ secondary primary(major pitch changing syll. ) Although the final syllable is heavy, it is not stressed because it has schwa [ə]. - The primary and the secondary stresses are not next to one another, but there are some examples that this generalization is violated: (a) In some long words involving four or more syllables, two syllables have the secondary stresses. e. g. ) Àfghánistàn, rèconcìliátion, èxcommúnicàte, èxpúgnatòry --- p. 188 (b) there are some disyllabic words with both syllables stressed. Primary-secondary: cráyòn, cýclòne, fránchìse, empire, aspect, . . . Secondary-primary: bàmbóo, sàrdíne, hòtél, taboo, supreme, . . .
♣ Do the exercises on page 203. 2. Analyze the stress patterns of the words by using the three parameters; (stress, tonic accent, and full vowel)
- Slides: 4