Deviance Social Control What is Deviance Relative Deviance

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Deviance & Social Control

Deviance & Social Control

What is Deviance? • Relative Deviance • What is Deviant to Some is not

What is Deviance? • Relative Deviance • What is Deviant to Some is not Deviant to Others • “Deviance” is Nonjudgmental Term – A Neutral Term • Stigma

Deviance Terminology • Crime – Violation of Norms as Laws • Deviance – Violation

Deviance Terminology • Crime – Violation of Norms as Laws • Deviance – Violation of Rules or Norms • Stigma – Blemishes on “Normal” Identity

Norms Make Social Life Possible • Makes Behavior Predictable • No Norms - Social

Norms Make Social Life Possible • Makes Behavior Predictable • No Norms - Social Chaos • Social Control – Group’s Formal and Informal Means of Enforcing Norms

Sanctions • Negative Sanctions – Frowns/gossip; imprisonment/capital punishment • Positive Sanctions – From smiles

Sanctions • Negative Sanctions – Frowns/gossip; imprisonment/capital punishment • Positive Sanctions – From smiles to formal awards – Are used to reward people for conforming to norms

Competing Explanations of Deviance • Biosocial – Look for Answers Inside Individuals – Genetic

Competing Explanations of Deviance • Biosocial – Look for Answers Inside Individuals – Genetic Predispositions • Psychology – Focuses on Abnormalities Within Individuals – Personality Disorders – Deviant Personalities

Competing Explanations of Deviance • Sociological • Look for Answers Outside Individuals – Socialization

Competing Explanations of Deviance • Sociological • Look for Answers Outside Individuals – Socialization – Membership in Subcultures • Social Class

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Differential Association Theory • • • Theory Families Friends Neighbors Subcultures

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Differential Association Theory • • • Theory Families Friends Neighbors Subcultures Prison or Freedom? Differential association is Edwin Sutherland’s term to indicate that those who associate with groups oriented toward deviant activities learn an “excess of definitions” of deviance and thus are more likely to engage in deviant activities.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Control Theory According to control theory, everyone is propelled towards deviance,

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Control Theory According to control theory, everyone is propelled towards deviance, but a system of controls work against these motivations to deviate. • Inner Controls – Morality – Conscience – Religious Principles

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Control Theory • Outer Controls – Attachments – Commitments – Involvements

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Control Theory • Outer Controls – Attachments – Commitments – Involvements – Beliefs that Actions are Morally Wrong

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Labeling Theory Labeling theory is the view that the labels people

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Labeling Theory Labeling theory is the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity. • • Labels Become Part of Self-Concept Propel Towards or Away from Deviance Embracing Labels - Outlaw Bikers Power of Labels: Saints & Roughnecks

Functionalist Perspective: Can Deviance Be Functional? • Most of us are upset by deviance

Functionalist Perspective: Can Deviance Be Functional? • Most of us are upset by deviance • Clarifies Moral Boundaries and Affirms Norms • Promotes Social Unity • Promotes Social Change Emile Durkheim stated that deviance, including crime, is functional, for it contributes to social order.

Functionalist Perspective: Strain Theory • How Mainstream Values Produce Deviance Robert Merton developed strain

Functionalist Perspective: Strain Theory • How Mainstream Values Produce Deviance Robert Merton developed strain theory to analyze what happens when people are socialized to desire cultural goals but denied the institutionalized means to reach them. Merton used “anomie” (Durkheim’s term) to refer to the strain people experience when they are blocked in their attempts to achieve those goals.

Functionalist Perspective: Four Deviant Paths • • Innovators Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion

Functionalist Perspective: Four Deviant Paths • • Innovators Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion

Functionalist Perspective: Illegitimate Opportunity Structures • Social Class Produces Distinct Styles of Crime •

Functionalist Perspective: Illegitimate Opportunity Structures • Social Class Produces Distinct Styles of Crime • Street Crime • White-Collar Crime – Corporations as Criminals • Gender and Crime

How Safe Is Your State? Violent Crime in the United States

How Safe Is Your State? Violent Crime in the United States

The Conflict Perspective • Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System • The Criminal

The Conflict Perspective • Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System • The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of Oppression • Power and Inequality • The Law as an Instrument of Oppression The state’s machinery of social control represents the interests of the wealthy and powerful; this group determines the laws whose enforcement is essential for maintaining its power.

Reaction to Deviance • • • Street Crime and Prisons The Decline of Crime

Reaction to Deviance • • • Street Crime and Prisons The Decline of Crime Recidivism The Death Penalty Bias

Reaction to Deviance • Legal Change – Hate Crimes • Trouble with Statistics •

Reaction to Deviance • Legal Change – Hate Crimes • Trouble with Statistics • Medicalization of Deviance – Neither Mental nor Illness? – Homeless Mentally Ill • Need for More Humane Approach

How Much Is Enough? The Explosion in the Number of U. S. Prisoners

How Much Is Enough? The Explosion in the Number of U. S. Prisoners

Recidivism of U. S. Prisoners

Recidivism of U. S. Prisoners

Executions in the United States Executions since 1977, when the death penalty was reinstated.

Executions in the United States Executions since 1977, when the death penalty was reinstated.

Who Gets Executed? Gender Bias in Capital Punishment

Who Gets Executed? Gender Bias in Capital Punishment