Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition Laura E

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Developmental Science The study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan © Blend Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk The Field of Developmental Science § Scientific § Applied § Interdisciplinary © Irina Magrelo/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Theory An orderly, integrated set of statements that § describes § explains § predicts behavior © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Basic Issues in Development § Continuous or discontinuous? § One course of development or many? § Relative influence of nature and nurture? Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Contexts of Development Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change © xanirakx/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Basic Issues Nature vs. Nurture Nature § Hereditary information § Received from parents at conception Nurture § Physical and social forces § Influences biological and psychological development Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Stability and Plasticity Stability Plasticity § Persistence of § Development is individual open to lifelong differences change § Lifelong patterns § Change occurs established by based on influential early experiences Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Development as a Dynamic System § Ongoing process from conception to death § Molded by network of influences: § biological § psychological § social Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Lifespan Perspective Development is § lifelong § multidimensional and multidirectional § highly plastic § influenced by multiple, interacting forces © Intellistudies/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Periods of Development Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and toddlerhood Birth– 2 years Early childhood 2– 6 years Middle childhood 6– 11 years Adolescence 11– 18 years Early adulthood 18– 40 years Middle adulthood 40– 65 years Late adulthood 65 years–death Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Major Domains of Development Figure 1. 2 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Influences on Development Multiple, interacting forces: § Age-graded § History-graded § Nonnormative © auremar/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Resilience § Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development § Factors in resilience: § § personal characteristics warm parental relationship social support outside family community resources and opportunities © iofoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Lifespan View of Development Figure 1. 3 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Scientific Beginnings Darwin Theory of evolution Hall, Gesell Normative approach Binet Mental testing movement Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Early Scientific Theories § Theory of evolution § Natural selection § Survival of the fittest § Normative approach § Child study movement § Development as a maturational process § Mental testing movement § First successful intelligence test § In forefront of nature–nurture controversy Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud and Erikson § Emphasis on individual’s unique life history § Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations © szefei/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality Id Ego § Largest portion of the mind § Unconscious, present at birth § Source of biological needs/desires § Conscious, rational part of personality § Emerges in early infancy § Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways § The conscience Superego § Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Freud’s Psychosexual Stages § § § Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital © GWImages/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust vs. mistrust Birth– 1 year Autonomy vs. shame/doubt 1– 3 years Initiative vs. guilt 3– 6 years Industry vs. inferiority 6– 11 years Identity vs. role confusion Adolescence Intimacy vs. isolation Early adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation Middle adulthood Integrity vs. despair Late adulthood Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Classical conditioning Stimulus–response Operant conditioning Reinforcers and punishments Social learning theory Social-cognitive approach Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory § Contributions: § behavior modification § modeling, observational learning § Limitations: § narrow view of environmental influences § underestimates individual’s active role Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Cognitive. Developmental Theory § Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world. § Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment. § Development moves through four broad stages. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Stages § § Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational © Odua Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Information Processing § View of the human mind as a symbol -manipulating system § Development as a continuous process § Use of rigorous research methods § Little insight into creativity or imagination Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience § Relationship of brain changes to cognitive processing and behavior patterns § Brings together researchers from § § psychology biology neuroscience medicine § Practical applications Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Ethology § Adaptive value and evolutionary history of behavior § Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: § critical period § sensitive period © Nick Biemans/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Evolutionary Developmental Psychology § Adaptive value of § cognitive § emotional § social competencies as they change with age § Person–environment system throughout the lifespan Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory § Transmission to the next generation of a culture’s § § values beliefs customs skills § Cooperative dialogues between children and more expert members of society © Andresr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Ecological Systems Theory Figure 1. 5 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Ecological Systems Theory § Layers of the environment: § § © Zurijeta/Shutterstock microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem § Chronosystem: temporal dimension Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Common Research Methods § Systematic observation § Naturalistic observation § Structured observation § Self-reports: § Clinical interview § Structured interview, questionnaires, tests § Clinical, or case study, method § Ethnography Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Systematic Observation Naturalistic Observation Structured Observation § Observation of behavior in natural contexts § Reflects participants’ everyday lives § Observation of behavior in laboratory § Gives all participants opportunity to display behavior Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Self-Reports Clinical Interview Structured Interview § Conversational style § All participants are § Probes for asked the same participant’s questions in the viewpoint same way § Provides large § Permits comparisons amount of information and efficient data in brief period collection Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Clinical/Case Study Method § Full picture of individual’s psychological functioning § Combines information from § interviews § observations § test scores Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Ethnography § Participant observation of culture or social group § Rich, descriptive insights § Does not permit generalization from findings © skyfish/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk General Research Designs Correlational Experimental § Reveals relationships between participants’ characteristics and behavior § Does not permit cause-and-effect inferences § Participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions § Detects cause-andeffect relationships § Findings may not apply in real-world conditions Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Correlation Coefficients Figure 1. 6 Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Experimental Design Independent Variable Dependent Variable § Manipulated by experimenter § Expected to cause changes in another variable § Measured, but not manipulated, by experimenter § Expected to be influenced by independent variable Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Random Assignment § Unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions § Increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions © iofoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Modified Experiments Field Experiment § Conducted in natural settings § Capitalizes on existing opportunities for random assignment Natural/Quasi. Experiment § Compares existing differences in treatment § Participant groups matched as much as possible Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Developmental Research Designs Longitudinal Same group studied at different times Cross-sectional Different groups studied at the same time Sequential Compares similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (sequences) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Problems in Conducting Longitudinal Research § Participant dropout § Practice effects § Cohort effects © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Improving Developmental Designs § Sequential designs § Compare several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies § Permit longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons § Combining experimental and developmental designs § Experimental manipulation of experiences § Provides evidence of causal association between experiences and development Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Rights of Research Participants § § § Protection from harm Informed consent Privacy Knowledge of results Beneficial treatments © Goodluz/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.