Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and

Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: n Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; n Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; n Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Physical Development in Early Childhood n Body Growth Slows n n Skeletal Growth Continues n n n New growth centers Lose baby teeth Asynchronies n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Shape becomes more streamlined Brain, lymph nodes grow fastest

Brain Development in Early Childhood n n Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization develop. Left hemisphere active n n n Language skills Handedness Linking areas of the brain develop n Cerebellum, reticular formation, corpus callosum Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Influences on Physical Growth and Health n Heredity and Hormones n n Emotional Well-Being n n n Psychosocial dwarfism Nutrition Infectious Disease n n Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone Immunization Childhood Injuries Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Factors Related to Childhood Injuries n Individual Differences n n n Gender Temperament Poverty, low parental education More children in the home Societal conditions n International differences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood n Gross Motor Skills n n n Fine Motor Skills n n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Walking, running smoother Catching, throwing, swinging, riding Self-help: dressing, eating Drawing

Progression of Drawing Skills n n Scribbles – during 2 nd year First Representational Forms n n n Label already-made drawings – around age 3 Draw boundaries and people – 3– 4 years More Realistic Drawings – preschool to school age n Early Printing – Ages 3– 5 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage n n Ages 2 to 7 Gains in Mental Representation n n Make-believe Play Limitations in Thought — Cannot Perform Mental Operations n n n Egocentrism Conservation Hierarchical Classification Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Limits on Conservation n n Centration – Focus on one aspect and neglect others Irreversibility – Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Early Childhood Development of Make-Believe With age, makebelieve gradually becomes: n More detached from real life conditions n Less self-centered n More complex n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Sociodramatic Play

Piagetian Class Inclusion Problem Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Follow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought Egocentric Thought n. Can Illogical Thought n. Can Categorization n. Everyday Appearance versus reality n. Make-believe Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 adjust language to others and take others’ perspectives in simple situations. n. Animistic thinking comes from incomplete knowledge of objects. do simplified conservation n. Can reason by analogy n. Use causal expressions difference. knowledge is categorized. helps children tell the

Educational Principles Derived from Piaget’s Theory n n Discovery learning Sensitivity to children’s readiness to learn n n Developmentally appropriate practice Acceptance of individual differences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Early Childhood n Private Speech n n n Helps guide behavior Gradually becomes more silent Zone of Proximal Development n n Scaffolding supports children’s learning. Assisted discovery and peer collaboration also help children learn. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Model of Information Processing System Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Improvements in Information Processing n Attention n n Memory Strategies Everyday Experiences Theory of Mind n n Planning Metacognition Emerging Literacy Mathematical Reasoning n Ordinality, Counting, and Cardinality Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development of Theory of Mind n n Awareness of Mental Life – infancy – age 3 Mastery of False Beliefs – around age 4 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Individual Differences in Early Childhood Mental Development Factors Contributing to Individual Differences: n Home environment n Quality of child care, preschool or kindergarten n Child-centered versus academic Early intervention programs Television n Educational TV Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Child Care Arrangements for Preschoolers Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Language Development in Early Childhood n Vocabulary n n Grammar n n Overregularization Conversation n n Fast-mapping Pragmatics Supporting Language Development n n Expansions Recasts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004