Development Review What are the stages of development

Development Review • What are the stages of development? (Did you come up with a good mnemonic? !) • Gametes, zygote, 2 -cell stage, 4 -cell stage, 8 cell stage, morula, blastula, gastrula, fetus, baby, adult

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Infertility • The inability of a couple to have a baby • About 15% of couples in North America are infertile • Reasons include: low sperm count, low hormone levels, certain diseases • Can sometimes be corrected through medical treatment • In many situations, the couple must try assisted reproductive technologies

Assisted Reproductive Technologies • Procedures that help infertile couples have children • Types: – Artificial insemination – In vitro fertilization – Gamete intrafallopian transfer – Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Artificial Insemination • Procedure: sperm is collected from a male and injected into a female • Has been used for farm animals for 200+ years • Why would farmers want to use this technique? • To produce offspring with optimal characteristics like larger animals used for meat, or cows that produce more milk, etc. • This technique can also be used in humans • Sperm donors can be used when there is a problem with the man’s sperm cells

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) • Procedure: Egg and sperm cells are removed and egg cells are fertilized in petri dish. Zygotes develop into embryos and are planted into woman’s uterus • The woman is given lots of hormones so she produces more eggs which can give her nausea, dizziness and headaches • Since more than one embryo is placed in uterus, the chance of multiple births increases

In Vitro Fertilization • The success rate of IVF: Age of Woman Success Rate Up to 35 40% Up to 39 20% Up to 43 10% • The first IVF baby to be born in the world was Louise Brown of England in 1978, and in Canada was Robbie Reid in 1983 • Since 1978, more than 8 million babies have been born by IVF worldwide

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=kxp 61 b. D Pjus

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) • Procedure: Egg cells are removed from a woman’s ovaries and combined with sperm cells to make a “mixture” of eggs and sperm. The mixture is immediately injected into the woman’s fallopian tubes. • How is this different from IVF? • This differs from IVF because embryo is not produced outside of woman’s body

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) • Procedure: A single sperm cell is injected into an egg cell. The resulting zygote is then inserted into the uterus of the woman • About 25% of ICSI procedures result in a birth • How is this different from IVF? • The zygote is implanted instead of an embryo

Ethical Issues • What should happen to leftover embryos from the IVF process? – Could be used for stem cell and gene therapy research but is it wrong to use an embryo which could develop into a human for such purposes? – Is it wrong to discard embryos? – Who owns these embryos? • What about the unknown identity of sperm donors… is it fair to keep a child’s father secret?

Task • Create a brochure for a reproductive health clinic (it can definitely be fictional – be creative!) • The brochure should summarize the different types of assisted reproductive technologies (4 total) • Also have a page introducing your clinic and/or discussing infertility (with statistics) • Include info about how each technology works and other necessary info (i. e. success rate, what type of cases it works on, etc. ) • Info can be found in notes and p 224 -229 in text