Development of urbanization dr Lszl JENEY associate professor

Development of urbanization dr. László JENEY associate professor jeney@elte. hu Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2017/2018. CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies

Late antique town 2

Spread of urban culture in Europe n n n 1600 B. C. : urban development also in Europe (via Asia, Egypt) 1000 B. C: global centre shifted to Europe (Athens, Rome) Frontier of European urban culture spread to Northwest (towards the cooler climatic zone)

Roman Empire Period Rome Kingdom 8 th – 6 th cent. B. C Young town City wall, fortress on the Capitolium, bridge on Tiber (Tiberis) Other towns Port-town: Ostia Republic 509 200 thousand citizens – 31 B. C. Towns on Italian roads too: Capua, Pompeii, Brindisium Empire 31 B. Augustus: 1. 1 mn (1. 5– 2 mn? ) Architecture: Forum C. – A. D. of Caesar, Palace of Augustus, Circus Maximus, 476 Colosseum. Modern symptoms: crowded buildings, 3 – 5 -storied tenement houses, rack rent. Building laws by Augustus: 21 m max height. Antecedents of exurbanization Foundations of European cities: London, Paris, Vienna, Cologne, Regensburg, Budapest

Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) n 350– 800, Constantinople: largest town of the World – Link between the antique and the feudal urban development – 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus): Constantinople – seat of the Roman Empire – Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527– 565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting of Europe and Asia) – Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532– 537) n Early Middle Ages: largest town of Europe

The feudal town 6

Characteristics of the European medieval feudal towns n n 8 th– 9 th cent. : initial feudal towns On the basis of 3 types of roles – Role of defence: 9 th– 12 th cent. : Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial watch-posts – Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne) – Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements (Ipswich, Norwich) – Where all roles are present faster urban development (Munster, Trier, Bruges) n Feudal towns: only in West Europe – Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule Seville (not feudal) – Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire Constantinople (between antique and feudal) – East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration Period

Evolution of modern towns 8

1. Agglomerating process n n (= clustering, knitting) – period of modern urbanization Also referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosion – Urbanization, but: urbanization = whole process agglomeration = its 1 st stage – Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal), converging (centripetal) powers 4 factors of agglomerating: • Overall demographic boom (not only in cities) – – • • • England: 1750: 6 mn 1850: 18 mn France: 1800: 27 mn 1900: 39 mn Germany: 1800: 23 mn 1900: 56 mn Developing (3 rd) World: nowadays ‚Push’ factor: rural labour surplus ‚Pull’ factor: urban labour demand Developing technical background of urban planning (→metropolitan infrastr)

Generated by the Industrial Revolution n Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units – Shifts in employment: Industrialization (from agriculture to industry) – Geographically rural urban migration (spatial concentration of population, rapid urbanization) n Advantages from residential point of view: – Rich supply of workplaces – Higher and more stable incomes – Wide range of services (existence of educational and cultural institutions, retail trade etc. ) n Advantages from economic point of view – – – Rich „quality” supply of labour-force Availability for cooperation, innovation advantages (research etc. ) Cheaper and better infrastructure (e. g. transport) Closeness of markets Higher productivity (positive externalities) P. Krugman: new economic geography

Generated by the Industrial Revolution n Absolute concentration – Population of whole agglomeration: increases dynamically – Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban zone increase n City and its suburban zone coalesce / accrete – It is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundaries n Its concurrent: generated by the Industrial Revolution

The spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe n Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, agglomerating process: NW SE – Reverse way to the spread of the antique urbanization (SE NW) – 18 th cent. : England – Mid 19 th cent. : West Europe – Turn of the 19 th cent. : N-Eu, E-Central-Eu, Northern part of S-Eu – First half of the 20 th cent. : S-Eu – Mid 20 th cent. : E-Eu, Balkans

Leading role of Europe in the appearance of the modern cities n Europe becomes leader 1840 1929 – Towns over 100 th citizens n n n 1800: Eu 21/ World 65 1900: Eu 148/ World 301 Primacy of Great Britain – First country where the proportion of the urban population: >50% n London – 18 th cent. : first modern city (over 500 th citizens) in Europe – 19 th cent. : over 2 mn citizens – 1850– 1920: largest city of the world – 1 st megapolis (over 8 mn citizens) of the World Contemporary built-up areas of Greater-London

Number of Europeans in the rank of the 25 largest towns of the World

Europe, the craddle of the modern city n n Earlier: ancient Rome Modern city: after industrial revolution – Spread from West-Europe: London, Paris before 1850 between 1850– 1900 after 1950 Source of data: censuses

Development of the Budapest agglomeration n n 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda + Óbuda Early 20 th cent. : massive suburban development – 1900– 1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone – 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater Budapest – 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public Works spread also to the 22 suburban settlements n n 1 st January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest Agglomeration – 1970 s: 44 settlements – 1997: 78 settlements – Today: whole Pest county (≠ with Budapest agglomeration)

„Shadows” of agglomeration process n Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous urban development unwished negative byeffects – – – Slums Overcrowding (back-to-back dwelling houses) Lack of green areas Pollution of environment (smog) Lack of public utilities (sanitation) Cholera epidemic – in 1832 London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 victims – Crime – Early 19 th cent. , slums of Liverpool: 16 years life expectancy at birth

Reactions of urban planning on the crowding 1. 2. New urban planning and architectural acts, laws Reaction of the urban architecture of the modern era – 1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture – Le Corbusier (1887– 1965) – Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones + more green area – Mistakes in socialist housing estates: time lag, without green areas ‚Havanna’ housing estate of the 1970 s in Budapest

Reactions of urban planning on the crowding 3. Foundation of new towns (most expensive) – West Europe (GB, F, S): „planned” suburbanization for the exoneration of the cities (London: Hatfield, Milton Keynes; Paris: Cergy. Pontoise), garden city campaign, New Lanark (Robert Owen) – Socialist countries: ‚socialist industrialized towns’ for the goal of forced industrialization Socialist new towns in East Central Europe

Suburbanization planned by urban planning: the garden city campaign n Garden city model of Ebenezer Howard (1848 – 1928) – 1885. : Garden Cities and Town Planning Association – 1898. : „Garden Cities of Tomorrow”

Main street of Welvyn, 32 km from London n Realized garden cities North from London: – Letchworth (1903) – Welwyn (1920)

Latter stages of the modern urban development: sub-, dez-, re- and postsuburbanization 22

2. Suburbanization / exurbanization n n Anglo-Saxon: exurbanization Relative deconcentration – Population number of total agglomeration increases – Population number of city decreases, that of suburban zone increases economic, social and urban structure on agglomeration transforms n Outmigration of city dwellers – Spontaneous – Directly towards the suburban zone n Suburbanization of population – Insufficient housing supply and environment in central city – Development of transportation infrastructure spatial separation of residential and working zones – Outmigrants keep their urban workplace commuting

2. Suburbanization / exurbanization n Spreading cities – Initial: public transport (local railways) radial diffusion – Later: cars, public roads: diffusion among radiuses as well – Today: motorways radial diffusion again n Appearance – Developed countries: from 1920 s to 1970 s – Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of moving only from 1970 s n Results – Cities: population increase slows down, than decrease, but workplaces remain here – Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, sparselier built-up, green areas

3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization n Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry (1976) – (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial suburbanization under the dezurbanization) n Absolute deconcentration – Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration decreases (from the early 1970 s Population change in Ruhr area

3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization n Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to more and more distance – Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further countryside – Rapidly increasing population of some rural areas n 1970 s, developed countries: change of global economic paradigm – Modern urban and industrial regions became unattractive for both the residents and the companies – Rural areas, countryside became attractive (e. g. Sunbelt) n 2 -typed social groups – People using the ICTs (internet, wi-fi, skype, msn, e-mail, facebook) – People escaping to the nature from the urban technics (own generator, passive house)

4. Reurbanization n Relative concentration – Population number of total agglomeration decreases – Population number of city (especially the centre) increases again n n UK: Appearance of special ‚Urban Development Corporations’ for the urban renewal Spread of the enterprise form of public private partnership (PPP) – – n Clearing of the area Configuration of the public utilities Configuration of the transportation network Selling the building plots, seeking for investors Gentrification – Yuppie: young urban professional – New social class strongly attracting to the traditional colourful metropolitan milieu

Early 1980 s, Europe: 1 st big urban rehabilitation projects n Emblematic city: London – Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf n Later – – – Birmingham Berlin Hamburg Amsterdam: Waterfront Program New York: Harlem Budapest: Middle Ferencváros (Corvin Quarter)

5. Post-suburbanization n Relocation of workplaces (industrial and tertiary) from the city to the suburbs – (dezurbanization? false statement) n Ways of industrial suburbanization 1. Moving out 2. Greenfield investments – Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) + suppliers n Suburbanization of services – Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for space – Logistics – Recreational activities (Disneyland), office functions n Result: city-region with sub-centres – Central functions in the suburban zone – Universities, touristic attractions, international events, meetings (Gödöllő in the suburb of Budapest: Hungarian EU Presidency 2011)

Urban models of Cedric Price (2001) 1. Pre-modern / traditional city: model of softboiled egg – Ancient / antique towns – Towns with obvious borders (walls) 2. Modern city: model of fried egg – Agglomerating process – Suburbanization – Industrial Revolution expanded cities: functions surrounded the CBD by concentric, sectoral way 3. Post-modern city: model of scrambled eggs – Dezurbanization / counter-urbanization – Reurbanization – Post-suburbanization POST

Population change of the urban agglomeration Agglomerating Suburbanization Dezurbanization Reurbanization process Exurbanization Counterurb. Urban agglomeration Suburban zone City Concentration Deconcentration Concentration

Stages of urban development according to the change of population Stage of urban development Change of population City Suburban Periphery 1. Agglomerating process Increase! Decrease Increase Decrease! 2. Suburbanization / Exurbanization Increase Decrease! Increase! Decrease 3. Dezurbanization / Counterurbanization Decrease! Increase Decrease Increase! 4. Reurbanization Increase! Decrease 5. Post-suburbanization Decrease Increase with inner realignment Decrease

Brief summary of the stages of urban development n It affects smaller crowds in time – Agglomerating: more millions, reurbanization: a few thousands, post-suburbanization: no significant movement n Leading, dominant continent – Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating, reurbanization): initially in Europe – Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization): initially in North America n Dynamics of the process: – Initially agglomerating – Followed by suburbanization – Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-suburbanization n n More stages could coexistence parallel in cities Cities could be classify upon the dominant stage – (Whole countries are classified falsely)

Space-specific elements in the demographic process of the European cities 34

Annaul average population change of cities from 1950 s n n % n 1950 s: faster growth 1970 s, 1980 s, 1990 s: decreasing population After the turn of the Millennium: population increase again cities actually over half million residents 59 cities Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

1950– 1960 n n Increase: almost everywhere Decrease: on the British Isles Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%)

1960– 1970 n Decrease spreads to West Central Europe (the Netherlands, Germany, Austria) too Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%)

1970– 1980 n n Decrease spreads further to Belgium, France, North Italy, North Europe Increase only on the lagging peripheries (Ireland, Mediterranean, socialist countries) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%)

1980– 1990 n n n Line of Iron Curtain appears in city growth Decrease: developed Europe (exp. North Europe: inner North–South migration Increase: socialist Europe (exp. Budapest): more restricted mobility, lack of motorization and highways Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%)

1990– 2000 n n n Pattern radically turned Decrease: East Central Europe (besides suburbanization international migration too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius) Increase again: somewhere in developed Europe (mainly London): reurbanization + guest workers Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%)

2000– 2007 n n Dominantly increase: developed Europe Dominantly decrease: East Central Europe Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%)

Clusters of cities according to its population dynamics between 1950– 2007 cluster number Cities 1 17 Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels, Dresden, Glasgow, Hague, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Lyon, Manchester, Rotterdam, Sheffield 2 13 Bremen, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Gothenburg, Hamburg, Hannover, Helsinki, Paris, Stockholm, Stuttgart 3 2 Dublin, Valencia 4 3 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza 5 13 Budapest, Bucharest, Cologne, Cracow, Lodz, Malaga, Palermo, Poznan, Prague, Riga, Seville, Warsaw, Wroclaw 6 11 Athens, Barcelona, Genova, Copenhagen, Madrid, Marseille, Milano, Munich, Napoli, Rome, Torino Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

Annual average population change of the clusters % 1950 s 1960 s 1970 s 1980 s 1990 s 2000 s 1 West Europe 2 West Central Europe 3 South Europe 4 East Central Europe 6 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza clusters Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

Geographic location of the clusters stateborder EU-border cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 cluster 6 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)