Development of Panel Heater Triangular Solar Still to

Development of Panel Heater. Triangular Solar Still to produce pure water from saline water Name of Project Leader: Dr. Amimul Ahsan Designation: Senior Lecturer Faculty : Engineering Industry Cluster : Engineering University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 1

INTRODUCTION Shortage of drinking water • Remote and arid areas • After natural disaster (tsunami, tornado, etc. ) Desalination - Solar distillation In developing/ under developed countries Fig. Women transporting drinking Fig. People collecting water from Fig. Women collecting drinking Electricity Transportation Fig. Unsafe water source due to water (Sudan) nearly dried-up well (Nigeria) RO MSF Water (Bangladesh) tsunami MED ED Tubular Solar Still (TSS) (We developed) Easy fabrication, set-up & maintenance Slide 2 of 60 Environmental Heat and Hydraulics Lab.

INTRODUCTION Basin type Still Conventional Theoretical Approach - Evaporative Heat Flux Dunkle Heat and mass transfer phenomena/coefficients - Temperature & vapor pressure (Water & cover) Slide 3 of 60 Environmental Heat and Hydraulics Lab.

INTRODUCTION Aims: This Study Design: New TSS - Cheap Theoretical Models - Evaporation Model - Lightweight - Condensation Model - Local materials Indoor Experiment Field Experiment - Transient Model Prediction Model Verification Further Research Slide 4 of 60 Environmental Heat and Hydraulics Lab.

INTRODUCTION Evaporative MTC Condensative MTC hew hcdha hew derived hcdha derived by dimensional analysis Evaporation Theory based on film-wise condensation Condensation Theory Slide 5 of 60 Environmental Heat and Hydraulics Lab.

PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF TSS Fig. Production Principle of TSS Slide 6 of 60 Environmental Heat and Hydraulics Lab.

PRIOR ART P = 3. 22 kg/m 2. d. Triangular solar still (Rubio-Cerda et al. , 2002) 7

PRIOR ART P = 1. 8 kg/m 2. d. (Wassouf et al. , 2011) The material selected for the basin base was black polyvinyl chloride plastic. The selected polyvinyl chloride plastic used as a cover has a transmissivity of approximately 90% (at a thickness of 0. 5 mm). The trough was made from transparent polyvinyl chloride plastic. 8

PRIOR ART P = 3. 77 kg/m 2. d (Singh et al. , 2011) Integrated flat plate collectors & Double Sloped Solar Still (DS-SS). 9

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (Description of Process) Fabrication of TSS Frame made by pvc pipe 10 Trough made of Perspex

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (Description of Process) Fabrication of TSS Trough with heater 11 Frame + Trough

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (Description of Process) Fabrication of TSS Covering by polythene film 12 Complete TSS

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (Description of Process) TSS & PH-TSS • Frame • Trough • Cover • Solar PV system • DC heater 13 Triangular Solar Still (TSS) Panel Heater. Triangular Solar Still (PH-TSS)

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (Description of Process) TSS & PH-TSS 14

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (Description of Process) PH-TSS A new type of solar distillation technique, Triangular Solar Still coupled with a solar Panel and a Heater, referred to as Panel Heater-Triangular Solar Still, PH-TSS, is designed and developed to produce pure water from saline water using renewable (solar) energy. 15

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (Description of Process) PH-TSS: Working Principle The saline water absorbs heat by two ways: i) directly from solar radiation, and ii) indirectly through heater connected to solar PV system. 16

Specification of PHTSS and TSS Parameter Shape of cover Cover 2. 00 Width of cover (m) 0. 83 0. 79 Width of trough (m) 0. 19 Height of trough (m) 0. 1 Assemble and setup of TSS Internal angle 17 Rectangular Length of trough (m) Frame of TSS Frame Rectangular Length of cover (m) Shape of trough Trough Value PVC pipe and rope Easy 60°

Fabrication cost Items PHTSS Polythene film PVC pipe Perspex sheet Rope Scotch tape Heater PV System Polythene film PVC pipe Perspex sheet Rope Scotch tape 18 Quantity Unit cost Cost (RM) 1. 66 m 2 9 m 0. 376 m 2 50 m 2 m 1 1 RM 1. 44/m 2 RM 10. 80/m RM 15. 70/m 2 RM 11. 90/roll RM 1. 99/roll RM 300 RM 6900 2. 39 97. 20 5. 95 0. 67 300 6900 Total cost 7312. 11 RM 1. 44/m 2 RM 10. 80/m RM 15. 70/m 2 RM 11. 90/roll RM 1. 99/roll 2. 39 97. 20 5. 95 0. 67 Total cost 112. 11 1. 66 m 2 9 m 0. 376 m 2 50 m 2 m

Prior Art COMPARISON Invented Technology Integrated flat plate collectors & DS-SS PH-TSS

Prior Art COMPARISON Invented Technology Integrated flat plate collectors & DS-SS PH-TSS

PRIOR ART Patent Novel process/ product Current Technology Prior technology (2011) Prior technology (2002) Developme nt of Panel Heater. Triangular Solar Still to produce pure water from saline water Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) double slope active solar still. Thermal performance of the condensing covers in a triangular solar still Authors : G. Singh, S. Kumar, G. N. Tiwari, Desalination 277, 399– 406. 21 Authors: E. Rubio-Cerda, M. A. Porta-Ga´ndara, J. L. Ferna´ndez-Zayas. Renewable Energy 2, 301 – 308

Inventive step The easy technique in which 100 W DC water heater is connected to 200 W solar PV system. A durable polythene film is used as a cover warranted for 3 years. It is made of cheap, lightweight, durable and locally acquisitioned abundant materials with the average water production capacity of 5. 15 kg/m 2. d. 22 The complex technique in which photovoltaic operated DC water pump is used between solar still and photovoltaic (PV) integrated flat plate collector to re-circulate the water through the collectors and transfer it to the solar still. The daily yield obtained from series (forced mode) and natural circulation modes were 3. 43 and 3. 19 kg/m 2. d, respectively. The production rate is accelerated to 1. 4 times than the single slope hybrid (PVT) active solar still and obtained highest (3. 77 kg/m 2. d for the parallel configuration in forced mode. The simple technique in which 5 mm glass covers mounted on a galvanized iron frame at an angle of 45°, sealed with silicon rubber. A stainless steel channel running along the base of each condenser is used to collect distilled water. The basin is a wooden box insulated with polystyrene to prevent heat losses from the bottom to the environment. The water production capacity of 3. 22 kg/m 2. d.

Industry application 23 The invented technique can be used in desalination engineering/in dustry. The PH -TSS can be manufactured industrially easily to install in remote/ coastal areas, and islands. The commercial/indust strial application of of this technique is is not common or or not started yet.

Key points of PH-TSS: 1. The fabrication material are abundant, cheap, lightweight and durable. 2. The method is simple, easy, faster and short. 3. The water productivity is higher. 24

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT Fabrication Materials Invented Technology Prior Art (IDS-SS) Cover Polythene film (0. 15 mm, 3 yrs) Glass (4 mm) Trough Perspex Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) Frame/body PVC pipe (d=2 cm) Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) Stand Wood Iron 25

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT Invented Technology Prior Art Fabrication Materials Abundant, cheap, lightweight and durable Expensive, heavyweight, short-lived Method Simple, easy, faster and short Complex, slow and long Installation Easy and less time Complex and more time Insulation material NO YES Inclination NO YES Pump NO YES F-Plate collector NO YES Heater YES NO Solar PV system YES To operate DC heater YES To operate DC pump GI water channels NO 2 Collection jar 1 2 26

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT Invented Technology Prior Art Iron clamps, gasket NO YES Output (kg/m 2. d) Higher daily production, 5. 15 Low production, 3. 77 Manufacturing Can be manufactured industrially. Much easier. Not common/not yet. Application Remote, coastal areas, islands. Much easier. Not common. 27

R & D FINDINGS & NOVEL TECHNOLOGY • Fabrication materials are abundant, different, lightweight, durable and cheap. • This is a faster and better technique. • The technique is simple, short and easy. There is no need of inclination and water channels. • The thermal insulation material is not required. • The daily water productivity is higher than the IDS-SS. • Consequently, it can reduce the time of fabrication and installation processes. • Industrially can be manufactured easily. 28

R & D FINDINGS & NOVEL TECHNOLOGY 29

R & D FINDINGS & NOVEL TECHNOLOGY 30

R & D FINDINGS & NOVEL TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTION PH-TSS 391% > TSS PH-TSS 37% > IDS-SS Daily pure water production of PH-TSS and TSS 31

1. V. Velmurugan, K. J. N. Kumar, T. N. Haq, K. Srithar. Performance analysis in stepped solar still for effluent desalination. Energy 34 (2009) 1179– 1186. Wassouf, 2011 Peter Wassouf, Tom Peska, Randeep Singh �, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, Desalination 276 (2011) 294– 302 Novel and low cost designs of portable solar stills 32

R & D FINDINGS & NOVEL TECHNOLOGY Table: Water quality parameters of the product water 33

POTENTIAL PRODUCT/ TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION(S) The primary uses and applications of invention • It could be applied in any coastal zones and islands to remove pure water crisis. • It could be used in any remote and arid regions (e. g. Middle East), where people are struggling to get pure water. • It could be applied to remove/reduce the concentrations of arsenic, iron, chlorides & pathogens in groundwater/surface water/saline water. 34

POTENTIAL PRODUCT/ TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION(S) The potential application in other fields • It could be applied in Middle East, to remove salt from oilfield-produced water (oily wastewater from oilfields) to use in domestic and irrigation purposes. • It could be implemented in the case of emergency, e. g. when water supply is cut off due to natural disasters (tsunamis, tornados, hurricanes, earthquakes, landslides, etc. ) or unexpected accidents. 35

LOCAL MARKET POTENTIAL (SIZE) • Small islands in Malaysia. • Remote and coastal areas in Malaysia, specially in Sabah and Sarawak. 36

GLOBAL MARKET POTENTIAL (SIZE) • Small islands, and remote and coastal areas in Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India and in African countries. • Arid regions and gulf countries (e. g. KSA, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Bahrain and Qatar). 37

INTENDED MARKET (INDUSTRY / COUNTRY) • Industry of Desalination. • Coastal regions in Many countries. • Gulf countries (e. g. KSA, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Bahrain and Qatar). 38

MARKET COMPETITION • Local Player(s) - Pro. Minent Malaysia [Pro. Minent Fluid Controls (M) Sdn Bhd] - MALAKOFF CORPORATION BERHAD - Powertek Berhad • Global Player(s) Danfoss RO Solutions (Denmark) Acciona Agua (formerly Pridesa) (Spain) Acquedotto del Fiora S. p. A. (Italy) Advanced Engineering and Environmental Services (USA) Advanced Membrane Systems, Inc. (USA) Akzo Nobel MPP Systems b. v. (The Netherlands) Al Salem Chemical Services & Contracting Co. (Kuwait) Degremont Suez S. A. (France) Hyflux Ltd. (Singapore) IDE Technologies Ltd. - Ambient Technologies Inc. (USA) 39

DETAILS OF RESEARCH TEAM Name: Amimul Ahsan (Dr. ) Position: S. Lecturer Qualification: Ph. D Experience: 7 yrs Name: Nur Syuhada bt Ahmad Position: M. Sc. Engg Student Qualification: B. Sc. Engg Experience: 2 yrs Name: Abdul Halim Ghazali (A. Prof. , Dr. ) Position: A. Prof. Qualification: Ph. D Experience: 10 yrs+ 40

SUMMARY In the future • Product. Manufacture commercially. • Potential and application: - It will be very a potential device for remote, coastal, arid regions/islands. - It could be applied for distillation and to remove As, Pathogens, TDS as well. 41

DETAILS OF R&D Title of R&D Project : Design, Fabrication and Implementation of High Efficiency Panel Heater-Triangular Solar Still Cost of R&D : RM 30, 000 Source of Financing for R&D : RUGS, UPM Date of Commencement Date of Completion 42 : 10. 12. 2010 : 9. 12. 2012

43

RESEARCH AREA Saline/Surface Water Treatment, Low-cost Technique, Design Modification Water Supply and Sanitation in Urban and Rural Areas, Low-cost Technology, Biogas Generation Solar Water Distillation Groundwater Treatment, Arsenic and Iron Removal Rainwater Harvesting, Modernization & Implementation in Arid and Coastal Areas Solid Waste Management Modeling, Composting, Landfill, Leachate and Sludge Treatment Industrial/Municipal Wastewater, Recycle, Reuse, Low-cost Treatment and Safe Disposal of Effluent Environmental, Water and Air Pollution Control, Policy Making and Modeling Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment 46

PUBLICATION Publication, h index & citations: h index (Google) : 13; Citations: 703 http: //scholar. google. com. my/ ser=Key 57 i. YAAAAJ&hl=en h index (Scopus) : 11; Citations: 372 www. scopus. com/authid/detail. url? author. Id=3 41300 Total Publications = 106+ (books=7, book chapters=9, journals=73+ (mostly ISI), conf articles=17) 47

PUBLICATION DESALINATION SOLAR ENERGY APPLIED ENERGY International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Resources, Conservation and Recycling Desalination and Water Treatment Natural Hazards Arabian Journal of Chemistry International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A Journal of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering 48

AWARDS Sultan Selangor Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah conferred “Vice Chancellor Fellowship Award” in 2015 (Category: Young Researcher; Cluster: Science and Technology) http: //www. mstar. com. my/berita-semasa/2015/05/14/sultan-selangoranugerah/ http: //www. eng. upm. edu. my/dokumen/FKJUR 1_amimul_fellowship. pdf 49

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A/PROF. ATAUR RAHMAN, UWS ADMINISTRATORS DR. MAHMUD, UWS UPM FOR FUND AND SUPPORT 50

51