DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender Refers
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female.
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female.
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female. Gender Roles –
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender-Role Standard –
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Gender Stereotypes Men are more Women are more Aggressive Emotional Independent Dependent Self-confident Aware of others’ feelings Dominant Interested own appear. Interested Math Interested Art/Lit. Active Tactful Competitive Able to express emotion Logical Talkative Adventurous Interested in family
Actual Gender Differences (and similarities)
Actual Gender Differences (and similarities)
Actual Gender Differences Males > Females Visual/spatial abilities Arithmetic reasoning Physical/verbal aggression Activity level Developmental vulnerability Risk taking Females > Males Verbal abilities School Achievement Fear and timidity Emotional sensitivity/expressivity Compliance with adults Depression
Actual Gender Similarities Males = Females Compliance with demands and directives of agemates Empathy Social interaction with peers Suggestibility Self-esteem Rote learning Higher level cognitive processing Analytic/logical reasoning Achievement motivation
A SELECTION OF RESEARCH ON THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF MALES AND FEMALES -Goldberg (1968) -Dweck & Elliott (1983) -Feldman-Summers & Kiesler (1974)
DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN GENDER TYPING • Knowledge that one is a boy or a girl. • Knowledge that one’s gender is permanent. • Development of gender-role stereotypes. • Development of gender-typed behaviors.
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory 1. Biological factors 2. Social factors
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory 1. Biological factors 2. Social factors 3. Androgenized females and Testicular feminization syndrome
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory 1. Androgenized females and Testicular feminization syndrome
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Social-Learning theory • Direct Tuition • Observational Learning
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Kohlberg’s Cognitive. Developmental theory • Cognitive development • Children’s active selfsocialization
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Gender Schema theory • In-group/out-group schema • Own-sex schema
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory Social-Learning theory Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental theory Gender Schema theory Integrative Perspective • Physical gender • Reinforcement • Schemas • Recalls genderconsistent info more readily • Rely more on same-sex models
HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
ANDROGYNY Androgyny - a gender-role orientation in which the individual has incorporated a large number of both masculine and feminine attributes into his or her personality. (Overhead of attributes) Femininity HIGH LOW HIGH Androgynous Masculine Masculinity sex-typed LOW Feminine Undiffergender-typed entiated
ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY? • Flexibility • Self-esteem Could these results be due to masculine attributes of androgynous individuals and not to androgyny?
ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY?
ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY? Avoiding rigid stereotypes for boys or girls
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