Development of Aggressive Behavior Aggression Behavior In childhood
Development of Aggressive Behavior
Aggression Behavior – In childhood n Biology/Physiology (last two chapters) (pre-birth) n Environment (this chapter) (post-birth) n Chapter 1 ¨ ¨ Instinctive Drives – Evolutionary Perspective Externally created Motivations n n n ¨ Cognitive Models n n ¨ Frustration-Aggression model Aggressive Cue Theory Excitation Transfer Theory Cognitive Neoassociation Model Cognition-Excitation Interdependencies Learned Behavior n Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory n Aggression is Acquired through ¨ Biological factors (mechanisms) ¨ Learning (activation) n Aggression is Regulated through ¨ External rewards/punishments ¨ Vicarious Reinforcement ¨ Self-regulatory Mechanisms
Acquisition - Learning n Direct experience ¨ After doing it yourself, experience feedback (Rewards and Punishments) such as material incentives, money, desired objects, toys, candy, social approval, increased status n Observational Learning ¨ What? ¨ Who?
Regulation n External – Rewards and punishments ¨ Successful aggression ¨ Tangible rewards ¨ Social rewards and approval ¨ Reduction in pain/mistreatment ¨ Emotions like pride, guilt n Vicarious – Rewards and punishments n Self-administered – Rewards and punishments
Four conceptual categories for rewards and punishments: n n Positive reward, which increases the frequency of approved behavior by adding something desirable to the situation Negative reward, which increases the frequency of approved behavior by removing something distressful from the situation Positive punishment, which decrease the frequency of unwanted behavior by adding something undesirable to the situation Negative punishment, which decreases the frequency of unwanted behavior by removing something desirable form the situation
Acquisition – Learning (cont) n Family ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ Primary source of early socialization Family level Parent-child Sibling Punishment (learning, arousal, not internalize standards) Monitoring (supervision) Consistency (follow-up on commands same way every time)
Acquisition – Learning (cont) n Peers ¨ “I didn’t know all these different ways to hurt someone, but now I do!” ¨ More peer interactions = more aggression ¨ More victimization = more aggression (provocative victims, not passive) n Media ¨ Bobo doll – but problems…no generalization? ¨ Experimental – but problems…no generalization? ¨ Real-world – but problems…
Implications: Eron & Heusmann, 1985 50 Males Females 40 30 20 10 0 Low Med High Low Med Frequency of TV Viewing at Age 8 DV: Seriousness of Criminal Act by Age 30 High
Problem Many anti-social role models
Modeling (summary) n n Learn new information – new and different ways to be aggressive Learn new information – cultural rules about what is appropriate, when, whom, etc. Learn new information – the more you witness, the more desensitized, disinhibited Learning new information – alter image of reality, as more violent, more hostile expectations
“Using” Social Learning n Path model of being able to use it ¨ Attention (pay attention to model) ¨ Retention (remember the behavior) ¨ Motor Reproduction (ability to replicate) ¨ Motivational (want to do it) n Path model of knowing what to do Textbook’s version is Dodge & Crick ¨ Encode (aware) ¨ Interpret (hostile) ¨ Response search (options) ¨ Response evaluation (choose ¨ Response enactment (do it) one)
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