Development of a Community Airborne Platform Remotesensing Interdisciplinary

Development of a Community Airborne Platform Remotesensing Interdisciplinary Suite (CAPRIS) Presentation to CAPRIS Workshop Dec. 14, 2006 Wen-Chau Lee, Eric Loew and Roger Wakimoto Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) NCAR, Boulder, Colorado 12/14/2006

Remote Sensing Facility Instruments S-Polka HCR NRL P-3 ELDORA REAL HSRL 2 12/14/2006

Background A summary of the instrumentation packages available on various research Aircraft platforms in the United States Platform Reflect ivity Dual. Doppler Winds NOAA P 3 X X NASA ER-2 X X Dual. Polariza tion Aerosol Water Vapor Ozone X X X Clear air winds X NASA DC-8 NRL P 3 X X NSF HIAPER X Wyoming Air King X X X NSF C-130 with CAPRIS X X X X NSF HIAPER with CAPRIS X X X X 12/14/2006

Motivation Improve scientific understanding of the atmosphere by serving the observational needs of broad scientific communities Ø Ø Ø Climate atmospheric chemistry physical meteorology mesoscale meteorology large scale dynamics Support numerical weather prediction community Ø Data assimilation Ø Validation model results Ø Developing and testing parameterization schemes Validation of measurements from spaceborne platforms Ø Cloud. Sat Ø CALIPSO, AURA Ø GPM, NPP 12/14/2006

Motivation (cont. ) Improve our ability to understand predict atmospheric systems Ø Climate change Ø Predict high impact weather Ø Foresee components of atmospheric chemistry that affect society Long Term View of EOL Facilities Ø A replacement for ELDORA Ø A potential ground-based radar/lidar suite Ø Upgrade C-130 to state-of-the-art airborne platform and infrastructure Ø Fill HIAPER remote sensing instrumentation gaps on cloud microphysics, water vapor, ozone and clear air winds Ø Commitment to phased-array technology, and eye-safe lidars 12/14/2006

The NSF Opportunity Mid-Size Infrastructure for Atmospheric Sciences ATM maintains a mid-size infrastructure account that can be used to build and/or acquire community facilities. General Considerations and Eligibility (highlights) • Community facility • Available funds for larger projects • Instrumentation and observing platforms are eligible • Partnerships with university, federal, private, or international institutions are encouraged. • Design and engineering studies will be supported by the interested parts of ATM. • Where appropriate, use of the MRI mechanism for funding or partial funding will be encouraged. EOL has been encouraged to submit a Prospectus for CAPRIS • Key time for community comment and advice on present concepts • Document due to NSF 30 June 2007 12/14/2006

Potential Scientific Advancements: Weather • Describe precipitation process from water vapor transport to quantitative precipitation estimate • Understand factors that control hurricane intensity change • Characterize convective initiation and transformation of fair weather cumuli into deep convection Potential Scientific Advancements: Chemistry • Transport of ozone and water between troposphere and stratosphere e. g. , Doppler LIDAR, forward pointing WV observation • Impact of convection on chemical composition of UTLS region e. g. DC 3 12/14/2006

Potential Scientific Advancements: Climate • Observe radiation effect due to deep convective clouds and cirrus ice clouds • Validate satellite-based products (Cloud. Sat, GPM) Potential Scientific Advancements: PBL studies • Resolve spatial variation of turbulent fluctuations of water vapor and ozone • Measure entrainment rate of air from free atmosphere into the PBL Potential Scientific Advancements: Biogeosciences • Resolve PBL constituent fluxes (e. g. CO 2, O 3, water vapor) • Examine scales of land surface processes (e. g. in hydrology) and biomass 12/14/2006

CAPRIS Instruments and Science Instrument Polarimetric airborne centimeter Doppler Radar – C, X bands Science Hurricane, severe storms, Convection initiation, tropical meteorology. Kinematics and microphysical processes. Pod based dual-wavelength, dual. Cloud and drizzle microphysics, ice polarization, millimeter wave Doppler microphysics, and cloud radiation radar – W, Ka Bands properties H 2 O Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), O 3 DIAL, Doppler Wind Lidar (UTLS and PBL systems) CO 2 DIAL, Vegetation Canopy Lidar 12/14/2006 Climate change, fluxes and transport of water vapor, ozone, and pollutants from boundary layer to UTLS, gravity waves

Examples of Combined Measurements Cai et al. (2006) 12/14/2006

Potential application to UT/LS Tropopause DC-8 alt 12/14/2006 Pan et al. (2006)

Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment O 3, aerosols affect radiative forcing Pollutants rained out Air pollutants vented from PBL 12 12/14/2006 • From Mary Barth and Chris Cantrell’s DC 3 report

Design Considerations • Develop an airborne and ground-based suite of remote sensors. Integrate phased-array technology and eye-safe lidar technology • Reduce X-band radar beam attenuation common to all existing airborne Doppler radars. Add microphysical characterization of the hydrometeors. • Aim for compact design to install on multiple aircraft, including other C-130 s and HIAPER (global sampling). HALO? • Integrate multi-sensor approach on a single research platform in conjunction with in situ sensors. • Pursue a modular design approach which allows PIs to pick and choose the optimum combination of remote sensing instruments. 12/14/2006

CAPRIS Configurations -- Airborne CM-Radar • • • Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas – Two side-looking – top, bottom looking Composite “surveillance” scan Dual Doppler (V, σv) 2 x resolution of current system – using “smart” scanning Dual polarization H, V linear – ZH, ZDR, KDP, RHOHV, LDR H 2 O DIAL/Aerosol MM-Radar • • 1. 45 µm, eye safe 4. 4 km range, 300 m resolution Up, down, or side • Dual polarization H, V linear • • Dual wavelength (W, Ka) Pod-based scanning Doppler (V, σv) UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind – ZH, ZDR, KDP, LDR, RHOHV • • • 0. 24 -0. 30 μm; 0. 28 -0. 30 μm 5 km range, 100 m for DIAL 25 km range and 250 m for wind Molecular scattering Conical scanning • • • Heterodyne Doppler lidar for PBL winds CO 2 DIAL Vegetation lidar Others? 14 12/14/2006

Upper Radar W, Ka band Pod Starboard Radar Port Radar Rear/Lower Radar C-130 front view 12/14/2006

Composite “Surveillance” Scan WXR 700 C Weather Avoidance Radar 12/14/2006

CAPRIS Configurations – Ground Based CM-Radar • Re-package airborne system into two rapidly scanning mobile truck-based Radars – • • Combine pairs of AESA’s into single flat aperture (for improved sensitivity and beamwidth) to be mechanically scanned in azimuth Dual polarization H, V linear Form multiple receive beams (2 -4) for higher tilts MM-Radar • • • Rapid DOW; Courtesy CSWR Re-package pod based radar into compact seatainer Mobile, truck-based or shipped w/o truck Mechanically scanned, azimuth and elevation Dual wavelength (W and Ka) Dual polarization 17 12/14/2006 H 2 O DIAL/Aerosol • • • Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability Full hemispherical coverage via beam steering unit (BSU) Larger telescope for increased sensitivity UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind • • Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability Both instruments share BSU and aperture

Estimated Performance of CM and mm radar Radar Dwell Time Range Res. Beam Width (Broadside/Max Extent) Sensitivity at 10 km (no Atten. ) C-band 15 ms 150 m 2. 1°x 1. 6°/ 2. 2°x 2. 3° -9 d. BZ X-band 15 ms 150 m 1. 3°x 1. 0°/ 1. 4°x 1. 5° -17 d. BZ Ka-band 100 ms 30 m 1. 5° -22 d. BZ W-band 100 ms 30 m 0. 6° -24 d. BZ Velocity Accuracy & Reflectivity Airborne <1 m/s & 1 d. B (SNR>10 d. B, SW<6 ms/) 0. 2 m/s & 0. 5 d. B (SNR>10 d. B, SW<2 ms) Ground-Based C-band 40 ms 150 m 1. 0°x 1. 6° / 1. 5°x 1. 7° -15 d. BZ X-band 40 ms 150 m 0. 6°x 1. 0° / 0. 9°x 1. 1° -25 d. BZ Ka-band 40 ms 30 m 1. 5° -20 d. BZ W-band 40 ms 30 m 0. 6° -22 d. BZ 12/14/2006 <0. 75 m/s & 1 d. B (SNR>10 d. B, SW<6 m/s) <0. 4 m/s & 1 d. B (SNR>10 d. B, SW<2 m/s)

Estimated Performance of IR and UV Lidars Instrument Wavelength mm Range, uplooking (km) Range, down -looking (km) Range resolution, m Temporal resolution, sec IR WV DIAL 1. 45 – 1. 5 3. 5 4. 4 300 60 UV ozone DIAL 0. 24 -0. 30 4. 2 5. 3 200 60 UV clear winds (ground) 0. 355 25 N/A ? 10 1. 45 – 1. 5 7. 0 N/A 300 1 IR WV DIAL (ground) air 12/14/2006

Summary • CAPRIS will meet observational needs of broader scientific communities of climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology and larger scale dynamics. • Will fill the gap in current HIAPER instrumentation • All of the instruments will be built so that they are suitable for both airborne and ground-based deployment • Modular approach • Will modernize Lower Atmosphere Observing Facility remote sensors using the proven technology (phased array, polarization diversity and eye-safe LIDAR technology) • No instrument suite currently exists on an airborne platform that can tackle the wide range of atmospheric problems outlined in this presentation – Configure airborne platform for interdisciplinary research 12/14/2006

Current Status and Timeline • • A CAPRIS white paper was submitted and presented at NSF There at least three other competing projects A second white paper will be submitted to NSF by March 2007 CAPRIS team has contacted and made a series of visits to US universities and international institutions • CAPRIS team hosted town hall meetings at EGU and AGU, and will host a town hall meeting at AMS annual meeting • NSF will evaluate all white paper and invite several projects to submit proposal in Fall 2007 • NSF encourages partnerships with university, federal, private, or international institutions in the planning process 12/14/2006

Questions and Comments For further information, contact: Jim Moore (jmoore@ucar. edu) Wen-Chau Lee (wenchau@ucar. edu) Visit the website: http: //www. eol. ucar. edu/development/capris/ 12/14/2006

END 12/14/2006

Water Vapor CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical & horizontal) of water vapor over the widest range of climates and altitudes. Versatility requires eye-safety. Suggested approach: tunability 1450 – 1500 nm. Above: Water vapor absorption band heads and eye-safety. Courtesy: Scott Spuler, NCAR EOL 24 12/14/2006 Above: water vapor mixing ratio below DLR Falcon. From 940 nm H 2 O DIAL in 2002 IHOP. Courtesy: C. Kiemle, DLR

Ozone CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved vertical profiles of ozone over a wide range of environments and altitudes (e. g. urban air quality and UT/LS studies). Suggested approach: Tunability 260 - 310 nm 48” 56” 34” Tuning range Photos provided by Mike Hardesty & Chris Senff, NOAA 25 12/14/2006

UT/LS Winds CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical) of horizontal and vertical velocities above and below aircraft in “Aerosol-free” regions of the UT/LS. Suggested approach: UV direct-detection and VAD scans from rotating holographic optical element. Diagrams and data provided by Bruce Gentry, NASA Goddard 26 12/14/2006

IR Heterodyne Doppler CAPRIS Priority: high-resolution, eddy-resolving, velocities in the aerosol -rich lower troposphere. Suggested method: Heterodyne Doppler lidar at 1. 5 or 2. 0 microns. Data example courtesy Mike Hardesty, NOAA HRDL on DLR Falcon during I-HOP 12/14/2006

Estimated Performance of IR and UV Lidars Instrument Wavelength mm Range, uplooking (km) Range, down -looking (km) Range resolution, m Temporal resolution, sec IR WV DIAL 1. 45 – 1. 5 3. 5 4. 4 300 60 UV ozone DIAL 0. 24 -0. 30 4. 2 5. 3 200 60 UV clear winds (ground) 0. 355 25 N/A ? 10 1. 45 – 1. 5 7. 0 N/A 300 1 IR WV DIAL (ground) air 12/14/2006

CO 2 DIAL CAPRIS Priority: Coarse resolution vertical profiles of CO 2. Resolution: 10 -minute, 500 m, 1 ppm in 340 ppm background. Suggested method: DIAL at 1. 6 or 2. 0 microns. 0. 3% accuracy required. Extremely difficult. 12/14/2006

Vegetation Canopy Lidar • Goal: Estimate biomass, canopy structure, and roughness • Large surface foot-print • Very high-speed (GHz) digitizers to resolve distribution of canopy matter (foliage, trunks, branches, twigs, etc. ) 30 12/14/2006

CAPRIS Configurations – Ground Based CM-Radar • Re-package airborne system into two rapidly scanning mobile truck-based Radars: X and C bands – – • • Re-configure both C band AESA’s into single flat aperture (for improved sensitivity and beamwidth) to be mechanically scanned in azimuth Configure X-band similarly Dual polarization H, V linear Form multiple receive beams (3 -5) for higher tilts MM-Radar • • • Re-package pod based radar into compact seatainer Mobile, truck-based or shipped w/o truck Mechanically scanned, azimuth and elevation Dual wavelength (W and Ka) Dual polarization 31 12/14/2006 Rapid DOW; Courtesy CSWR

Community Airborne Platform Remote-sensing Suite (CAPRIS) Improve scientific understanding of the biosphere… Ø Observational needs of broad scientific communities in climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology, biogeochemistry, larger scale dynamics, oceanography and land surface processes Long Term View of EOL Facilities Ø Ø Ø A replacement for ELDORA airborne Doppler radar Upgrade C-130 to state-of-the-art airborne platform and infrastructure Fill NCAR G-V remote sensing instrumentation gaps on cloud microphysics, water vapor, ozone and clear air winds Commitment to phased-array technology, and eye-safe lidars Optional comprehensive ground-based instrument suite 12/14/2006

Motivation for CAPRIS Data assimilation, validation and developing and testing parameterization schemes Ø Community models - WRF, WACCSM and MOZART Validation of measurements from spaceborne platforms Ø Cloud. Sat, GPM Improve our ability to understand predict atmospheric and surface processes Ø Project climate change Ø High impact weather Ø Foresee components of atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemistry that affect society Ø Land surface processes 12/14/2006

Potential Scientific Advancements: Weather • Describe precipitation process from water vapor transport to quantitative precipitation estimate • Understand factors that control hurricane intensity change • Characterize convective initiation and transformation of fair weather cumuli into deep convection Potential Scientific Advancements: Chemistry • Transport of ozone and water between troposphere and stratosphere e. g. , Doppler LIDAR, forward pointing WV observation • Impact of convection on chemical composition of UTLS region 12/14/2006

Potential Scientific Advancements: Climate • Observe radiation effect due to deep convective clouds and cirrus ice clouds • Validate satellite-based products (Cloud. Sat, CALIPSO, GPM) Potential Scientific Advancements: PBL studies • Resolve spatial variation of turbulent fluctuations of water vapor and ozone • Measure entrainment rate of air from free atmosphere into the PBL 12/14/2006

Instruments and Science Instrument Science Polarimetric airborne centimeter Doppler Radar – C or X band Hurricane, severe storms, Convection initiation, tropical meteorology. Kinematics and microphysical processes. Pod based dual-wavelength, dualpolarization, millimeter wave Doppler radar – W, Ka Bands Cloud and drizzle microphysics, ice microphysics, and cloud radiation properties IR water vapor DIAL & Aerosol Lidar; 1. 4 -1. 5 mm – eye-safe UV ozone DIAL: 0. 24 - 0. 30 mm Clear air UV Lidar: 0. 355 mm 12/14/2006 Climate change, fluxes and transport of water vapor, ozone, and pollutants from boundary layer to UTLS, gravity waves

Design Considerations • Develop an airborne and ground-based suite of remote sensors. Integrate phased-array technology and eye-safe lidar technology • Reduce X-band radar beam attenuation common to all existing airborne Doppler radars. Add microphysical characterization of the hydrometeors. • Aim for compact design to install on multiple aircraft, including other C-130 s and HIAPER (global sampling). HALO? • Integrate multi-sensor approach on a single research platform in conjunction with in situ sensors. • Pursue a modular design approach which allows PIs to pick and choose the optimum combination of remote sensing instruments. 12/14/2006

CAPRIS Configurations -- Airborne CM-Radar • • • Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas – Two side-looking – top, bottom looking Composite “surveillance” scan Dual Doppler (V, σv) 2 x resolution of current system – using “smart” scanning Dual polarization H, V linear – ZH, ZDR, KDP, RHOHV, LDR H 2 O DIAL/Aerosol MM-Radar • • 1. 45 µm, eye safe 4. 4 km range, 300 m resolution Up, down, or side • Dual polarization H, V linear • • Dual wavelength (W, Ka) Pod-based scanning Doppler (V, σv) UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind – ZH, ZDR, KDP, LDR, RHOHV • • • 0. 24 -0. 30 μm; 0. 28 -0. 30 μm 5 km range, 100 m for DIAL 25 km range and 250 m for wind Molecular scattering Conical scanning • • • Heterodyne Doppler lidar for PBL winds CO 2 DIAL Vegetation lidar Others? 38 12/14/2006

Summary • CAPRIS will meet observational needs of broader scientific communities of climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology and larger scale dynamics. • Will fill the gap in current HIAPER instrumentation • All of the instruments will be built so that they are suitable for both airborne and ground-based deployment • Modular approach • Will modernize Lower Atmosphere Observing Facility remote sensors using the proven technology (phased array, polarization diversity and eye-safe LIDAR technology) • No instrument suite currently exists on an airborne platform that can tackle the wide range of atmospheric problems outlined in this presentation – Configure airborne platform for interdisciplinary research 12/14/2006

Community Input Requested • Frequency Choice: X or C Band • Define Polarization Specifications – Degree of overlap of H and V antenna patterns, over what range of Az and El? – ICPR, over what range of Az and El? • Define Intelligent Scan Strategies – Incorporate simple and coded pulses and perhaps staggered PRTs – Incorporate polarization diversity, co-pol and cross-pol? • Define multiple beam scenarios – Spaced Antenna (SA) – Rapid scanning on the ground • Other? 12/14/2006

Collaboration and/or Joint Development Opportunities 12/14/2006

END 12/14/2006

Example of a convective case (all rain) – raw C-band radar data from the UAH/NSSTC ARMOR radar Z ZDR KDP Uncorrected Corrected 43 12/14/2006 PPI at 1. 3 degrees elevevation

Histograms for Ah > 5 d. B and Z_hs > 30. 0 d. BZ and Kdp > 0. 0 deg/km 12/14/2006

Retrieval of particle size (RES), LWC from mm-wave radar. 12/14/2006

S and X-band Radar Observations Total attenuation S-Pol Not good correction 12/14/2006 X-Pol corrected. X-Pol Reflectivity

AESA Characteristics PARAMETER X-Band C-Band 3. 2 cm 5. 045 cm 0. 93 m x 1. 18 m 1. 46 m x 1. 86 m 3 d. B Beamwidth (broadside) 2. 1° x 1. 6° 3 d. B Beamwidth (20° Az, 45° El) 2. 1° x 1. 6° Gain (broadside) 38 d. Bi Gain (20° az, 45° el) 36 d. Bi Element Spacing (w x l) 0. 725λ x 0. 575λ Elements/Panel (w x l) 10 x 16 16 16 Total Elements 2560 First Sidelobe < -25 d. B Cross-Pol Isolation > 30 d. B Noise Figure 3. 5 d. B 2. 9 k. W @ 10% duty 90 d. Bm avg. Wavelength Dimensions (w x l) Panels Transmit Power (peak) EIRP (worst case) 12/14/2006

CM-Wave Radar Performance X-Bands C-Bands Beam Width (nominal) 2. 76˚ x 1. 76˚ Along Track Spacing ** 75 m Range Resolution 150 m Sensitivity (single hit, no attenuation) -8. 6 d. BZ @ 10 km -6. 2 d. BZ @ 10 km Sensitivity (single hit, 10 mm/hr rain) -6. 2 d. BZ @ 10 km -5. 8 d. BZ @ 10 km Polarization Dual: H or V ** 140 deg/sec scan rate 48 12/14/2006

MM-Wave Radar Performance W-Band Ka-Band Beam Width 0. 6˚ 1. 5˚ Along Track Spacing ** 30 m Range Resolution 30 m Sensitivity (~100 msec dwell, 2. 5 g/m 3 water vapor) * -22 d. BZ @ 10 km -21 d. BZ @ 10 km Polarization Dual: H or V * Sensitivity can be increased at the expense of range resolution and/or along track spacing ** No Scanning; ~100 millisecond dwell time 49 12/14/2006

IR H 2 O/DIAL estimated performance • • model scenario: alt: 7. 6 km (25, 000 ft) and resolution: 300 m, 60 sec Approximate performance vs. existing H 20 DIAL systems l (nm) Rup (km) Rdown (km) NOHD (km) scan LASE 815 2. 6 6. 9 7. 7 no DLR 940 3. 7 4. 6 2. 4 no 1420 3. 3 4. 0 eye-safe yes CAPRIS NOHD - 12/14/2006 range until beam is safe (ground operation, staring)

UV ozone/DIAL estimated performance • • model scenario: alt: 7. 6 km (25, 000 ft) and resolution: 200 m, 60 sec Approximate performance vs. existing O 3 DIAL (all systems operate l = 280 -300 nm) Rup (km) Rdown (km) NOHD (km) NASA 5. 0 6. 2 . 05 NOAA 4. 2 5. 2 eye-safe CAPRIS 4. 2 5. 3 eye-safe NOHD - range until beam is safe for ground operation 12/14/2006