DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT Economic indicators of development
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DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT Economic indicators of development �Gross domestic product per capita �Types of jobs Primary, secondary, tertiary �Raw materials Needed to produce finished goods and services �Consumer goods Cars, T. V. , cell phones
Social indicators of development �Education Student/teacher ratio �Health and literacy and welfare Denmark, Norway and Sweden have the highest levels of public assistance Demographic �Life indicators of development expectancy �Crude death rate – Infant mortality rate – Crude birth rate
More developed regions � Anglo-America 0. 94 HDI and major food exporter –Western Europe 0. 92 HDI. W. Germany, N. E. France, N Italy Imports food, energy but exports consumer goods EU helps create successful market � Eastern Europe 0. 78 HDI. Communism caused low HDI Scarce funds, Import food, Low productivity, Pollution – Japan 0. 93 HDI. High physiological density Low wage labor=cheap products Good education/training for labor force � South Pacific 0. 93 HDI Economies tied to Asian markets (Australia)
Less developed regions � Latin America 0. 78 HDI Agriculture, inequitable income distribution – East Asia 0. 72 HDI Large population, Communism, Agriculture � Southeast Asia 0. 71 HDI Palm Oil, Copra, Rubber, Tin, major manufacturing of consumer goods – Middle East 0. 66 HDI Large oil reserves, lack of political freedom, low education and literacy rates and low status of women � South Asia 0. 58 HDI Agriculture and Minerals, Green Revolution – Sub-Saharan Africa 0. 47 HDI Minerals, low literacy, poor health, impact of colonialism
GENDER DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER Gender-related development index (GDI) � Economic indicator Income gaps of gender difference � Social indicators of gender differences Access to education and literacy rates � Demographic indicator of gender differences Child bearing and diffusion of medical practices Gender empowerment (GEM) � Economic indicators of empowerment Professional and technical jobs � Political indicators of empowerment Managerial jobs, election to office
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES Development through self-sufficiency Income from rural areas match urban income to reduce poverty � Elements of self-sufficiency approach Isolate competition from large international corporations Limit imports, impose tariffs, quotas on imports Licensing Limit exporting � India No outside corporations Products were produced and consumed in India only Subsides (cheap electric) � Problems with self-sufficiency Inefficiency- no incentive to improve quality or production Large Bureaucracy- complex administration system
Development through international trade � Export most abundant product to the global market � Rostow’s development model (5 stages) � Examples of international trade approach Saudi Arabia used revenue to invest in education ect � Problems with international trade Uneven resource distribution- manipulation of prices Market stagnation-LDCs need to steal sales Increased dependence on MDCs-consumption of consumer goods World Trade Organization (WTO) � Reduce international trade restrictions and enforcing agreements Financing Development Loans-LDCs borrow from World Bank and International Monetary Fund � Transnational corporations- investment in a country by a international corp. �
