Development Geography Development Indicators Development Indicators Standard units

Development Geography Development Indicators

Development Indicators � Standard units of measurement (statistics) that reflect levels of development in a region. � Types of development indicators include: ü economic indicators ü social indicators ü demographic indicators

Economic indicators of development Statistical data that measures the amount money (wealth) in a society. Economic indicators we use for development are; � Gross Domestic Product (GDP) � Gross National Income (GNI) � Gross Domestic Product per capita

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Refers to the annual value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country. � It also includes income for goods and services produced by foreigners within the country. � Equation: � GDP= value of input, or output, or income+ gross investment + government spending +(exports – imports)

Gross National Income (GNI) Is the total annual value of goods and services produced by the nationals of a country. � It includes income for goods and services produced by nationals (citizens of a country) in foreign countries. � Equation: � GNI =value of input, or output, or income + gross investments +government spending +(imports – exports)

GDP per capita �

World map based on GDP per capita

Social Indicators of development Indicators that measure the welfare (quality of life) of the society. � Social indicators are dependent on various factors, these are; ü education level ü access to health care ü provision of services (running water, electricity etc. ) Two important social indicators of development: ü Human Development Index (HDI) ü Gini-coefficient �

Human Development Index (HDI) A method of assessing the level of development of a country by focusing on the quality of life and standard of living of its people. � HDI combines indicators that show: ü literacy (education) ü life expectancy ü GDP per capita (standard of living) � HDI value ranges from zero (0) to one (1). �

If HDI is 0. 8 or above: � High development ranking. ∴ healthy life, decent standard of living and equal access to education. If HDI is 0. 5 or less: � Low development ranking. Note: There is a strong correlation (relationship) between income group and HDI value. � Where income is high, HDI values also tend to be high.

World Human Development Index in 2007

Gini - coefficient A social indicator that is used to measure the inequality or the gap between the rich (upper income) and poor (lower income) in a country. � The gini- coefficient ranges from zero (0) and one (1). ü A gini score of 0 indicates complete equality income. ü A gini score of 1 indicates complete inequality. �

Demographic indicators of development � Indicators which give us specific information about the population of a country. � Two important demographic indicators; ü life expectancy at birth ü infant mortality

Life expectancy at birth � The number of years a person is likely to live.

Infant mortality rate (IMR) � The number of deaths within the first year of life per 1 000 children born. � Infant mortality rate tells us how developed the country is because of lack of necessary infrastructure and social welfare, to care for infants and mothers.