Development Genderrelated development index Gender empowerment Gender Inequalities

Development: Gender-related development index Gender empowerment

Gender Inequalities • According to the UN there is not a single country in the world where its women are treated as well as its men. • Gender inequalities exists in every country of the world • High HDI does not mean gender equality.

Comparing Gender Equality among countries • Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) compares the level of development of women to men. (within a country) • Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.

Gender-Related Development Index • • • Same indicators of developed used in HDI Income Literacy Education Life Expectancy However, your rating goes down when there are major differences in the well-being of men and women.

GDI cont… • Ex. Iran and Mexico score the same on education but in Iran women less likely to attend school. • Low GDI means women have a level of development less then men of the same country. • Norway highest GDI of 0. 941 • Lowest GDIs in Sub-Sahara Africa

Economic Indicator differences • In the US: – Average income ($) of women- $26, 000 – Av. $ of men- $43, 000 – Income gap of MDC is $15, 000 LDC- less difference in $$$ but in % earned.

Social Indicators of Gender Differences • Education and Literacy • Women are less likely to attend school in LDCs than MDCs • Ratio of women to men in MDCs is 99: 100 but only 60: 100 in LDCs

Demographic Indicators of Gender Differences • Female baby born in MDC expected to live longer than male- 6 years in USA • Female baby born in most LDCs only 2 more years

Gender Empowerment • Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) measures the ability of women to participate in the process of achieving improvements. • Calculated by combining two indicators of economic power: How much and type of job and Political Power : CEO, Manager, President.

GEM • Perfect equality of power between women and men would have a score of 1. 0 • MDCs in North America, Northern Europe and South Pacific have the highest scores • Lowest scores are in South Asia and Sub. Saharan Africa

Economic Indicators of Empowerment • Percentage of women in professional and technical jobs indicates economic power held by women in a state • More than half of professional and technically positions are held by females in MDCs, Less than ¼ in LDCs • Share of national income held by women another indicator of women’s power in a state • Every country in the world, women have a lesser share of national income than men

Political Indicators of Empowerment • Managerial jobs represent the ability to influence the process of decision making • Greater representation of women in MDCs than LDCs at the managerial level • Percentage of women compared to men elected to office another indicator • 13% of US congress female • Typically MDCs government 10% female; LDCs less than 5%