DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS

DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS Human development §conception until death Longitudinal design: §long period of time §cohort effect §share common experience

DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS • Cross-sectional design §different ages §one time point • Cross-sequential design §cross-sectional design §six years

NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature: §genetics Nurture: §environmental

GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT Genetics DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) §genetic material

GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT Gene §section of DNA §Dominant §activates trait expression §Recessive §influences trait expression

GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT Chromosome § 23 pairs §Store genetic material Ovum §sex cell Sperm §-sex cell

GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT Conception Fertilization §union Zygote §cell

CONCEPTION AND TWINS Monozygotic twins: identical twins §splits Dizygotic twins: often called fraternal twins §two eggs §two different sperm §two zygotes

PERIODS OF PREGNANCY Germinal period § 2 weeks

PERIODS OF PREGNANCY Embryonic period §Embryo § 2 -8 weeks §Critical periods §Teratogen §Marijuana, alcohol, nicotine, mercury, etc.

PERIODS OF PREGNANCY Fetal period § 8 -birth weeks §Fetus §Viability §survive outside the womb, 22 -26

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Infants reflexes §grasping §Moro (startle) §rooting §stepping §sucking

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Senses §Developed §Except vision Brain development §synaptic pruning

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Cognitive development §thinking, problem solving, and memory Jean Piaget §cognitive development §schemes §mental concepts

PIAGET’S STAGE THEORY Sensorimotor stage: §senses and motor abilities §object permanence §object exists; not in sight

PIAGET’S STAGE THEORY Preoperational stage: §use language §egocentrism §centration §focus one aspect §ignore all others

PIAGET’S STAGE THEORY Preoperational Stage (cont’d) §Conservation §irreversibility

PIAGET’S STAGE THEORY Concrete operations stage §logical thought processes Formal operations §abstract thinking

VYGOTSKY’S THEORY Scaffolding §skilled learner helps less skilled

VYGOTSKY’S THEORY Zone of proximal development (ZPD) §difference between doing alone and can do with help of teacher §private speech

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Language development allows children to: §words rather than images §ask questions §communicate needs §form concepts Child-directed speech (baby talk)

STAGES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Cooing Babbling One-Word Speech (Holophrases) Telegraphic Speech Whole sentences

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Vaccinations and ASD

TEMPERAMENT Temperament §behavioral characteristics §easy §difficult §slow to warm up

ATTACHMENT Attachment §Secure §willing to explore; upset mother leaves, but easily soothed she returns §Avoidant §unattached; explores without “touching base”

ATTACHMENT Attachment (cont’d) §Ambivalent §insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves, angry she returns §disorganized-disoriented §insecurely attached; child seems fearful, dazed, and depressed

ATTACHMENT Harlow monkey experiment NPR: This American Life: Unconditional Love

ERIKSON’S FIRST FOUR STAGES Trust versus mistrust §Infant: birth to 1 year Autonomy versus shame and doubt: §Toddler: 1 to 3 years

ERIKSON’S FIRST FOUR STAGES Initiative versus guilt §Preschool age: 3 to 5 years old Industry versus inferiority §Elementary school age: 5 to 12 years old

PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE Adolescence Puberty

EGOCENTRIC THINKING Formal operations may begin to emerge §Piaget Personal fable Imaginary audience

KOHLBERG’S LEVELS OF MORALITY 1. Preconventional morality: consequences of the behavior 2. Conventional morality: conforming to society’s norms of behavior 3. Postconventional morality: moral principles that have been decided on by the individual § may be in disagreement with accepted social norms

ERIKSON’S FIFTH STAGE Identity versus role confusion §Adolescence: 13 to early 20 s §Parent–teen conflict

ERIKSON’S LAST THREE STAGES Intimacy versus isolation §Early adulthood: 20 s and 30 s Generativity versus stagnation §Middle adulthood: 40 s and 50 s Ego integrity versus despair §Late adulthood: 60 s and beyond

PHYSICAL CHANGES AND AGING Increase in health problems Decrease in reaction time Challenges in memory

THEORIES OF AGING Cellular clock theory §cells time limit Wear-and-tear theory §unable to repair all the damage

STAGES OF DEATH AND DYING Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance