Detectors for Tomorrow and After Tomorrow Amos Breskin

Detectors for Tomorrow and After Tomorrow… Amos Breskin Radiation Detection Physics Group Weizmann Institute Amos Breskin 1

Scientific activities Research topics: Basic detection-related phenomena: New detector concepts Detector applications: HEP (LHC, ILC, RHIC); “Astro” (DM, SN); Homeland security… photomultiplier Gas Noble-liquid detectors e Liquid Xe photomultiplier Optical-TPC WIMP MAIN INTEREST: GAS-AVALANCHE DETECTORS Gas photomultipliers Ionization patterns Prostate Zn characteristic Xray e- multipliers Tumor Zn X-ray beam Rectal wall X-ray detector Amos Breskin DNA damage Prostate cancer E n-imaging 2

CERN-RD 51 Amos Breskin 3

Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) ~ 10 -fold expanded GEM GOAL: simple detector with moderate (sub-mm) resolution A. B. et al. Weizmann THGEM 1 e- in E 104 - 105 e-s out Thickness 0. 5 -1 mm SIMPLE, ROBUST, LARGE-AREA Printed-circuit technology* * production: • CERN PCB workshop • Print Electronics, Israel Amos Breskin Double-THGEM: 10 -100 higher gains Effective single-electron detection Few-ns time resolution Sub-mm position resolution >MHz/mm 2 rate capability Cryogenic operation: OK Broad pressure range: 1 mbar - few bar 4

Double-THGEM photon-imaging detector RICH UV photon Cs. I photocathode e- Segmented readout electrode THGEM Important FACTS for RICH: - Single-photon sensitivity - Simple, robust, compact, large area - Fast, good localization - Photon detection efficiency : ~ 20% @ 170 nm - Lower discharge probability than MWPC/Cs. I UV detector & faster recovery Currently R&D for upgrade of CERN-COMPASS RICH S. Dalla Torre, INFN Trieste Amos Breskin 5

Digital Hadron Calorimetry for ILC (If) ILC: Precision studies of new physics Hadron calorimetry requires 2 -fold improved JET-energy resolution: present 60%/ E 30%/ E Digital calorimetry @ Si. D: Sampling jets + advanced pattern recognition algorithms Very high-precision jet energy measurement. CALICE simulations: σ/Ejet ~3 -4% Requires: thin, efficient, highly-segmented, compact, robust sampling elements. candidates: RPC, D-GEM, Micromegas, THGEM Amos Breskin Fe ~7 mm Fe With Andy White (UTA) + Coimbra & Aveiro 6

Few-mm thin, THGEM-based sampling elements Ne/5%CH 4 - High efficiency (>96%/98%) with minimal multiplicity (~1. 1/1. 2) for muons Discharges: rare; do not affect electronics - Micro-discharges: do not affect performance - Total thickness (excluding electronics) : 5 -6 mm. Underway: optimization studies & R&D on large-area detectors. A competitive robust technique Amos Breskin 7

cryogenic gas-photomultipliers (GPM) for noble-liquid scintillators - Generic R&D - Compton camera for medical imaging - UV detectors for DM search (XENON, DARWIN) - Combined fast-neutron & Gamma radiography Amos Breskin 8

GPM: Dark Matter search RD 51: Weizmann/Nantes/Coimbra Two-phase XENON 1 t Dark Matter Detector concept GPM Detector E. Aprile/XENON (incl. Weizmann) ? LXe 1 m Vacuum Photodetectors PMTs or QUPID Ne/CF 4 UV-window Secondary scintillation S 2 e- Xe-gas EG LXe WIMP interaction EL S 1 Primary scintillation UV-window GPM Detector S 2/S 1 background rejection XENON 100 Kg: running with PMTs! PROBLEM: exorbitant cost of future multi-ton detectors! Amos Breskin 9

Great Challenge: Combined g/n imaging detectors Detection of explosives & nuclear materials possibly thin capillaries filled with liquid xenon (LXe) 11 B(d, n)12 C 10 m TOF: Gammas: ~30 ns Fast-n: ~200 -500 ns “Moderate” electronics LXe SCINTILLATOR: - High density (3 g/cm 3) - Fast (2 ns) - Good spectral match w Cs. I-photocathode: QE~30% @ 175 nm - 3 cm LXe: high efficiencies: - n: 15 -25% - g: 30 -40% Combined gamma & fast-neutron imaging detector. Gammas and neutrons interact with liquid-xenon; the resulting UV photons are detected with a double-THGEM, Cs. I-coated gaseous photomultiplier. Amos Breskin 10

Cryo-GPM with LXe GPM: THGEM/PIM/Micromegas Duval 2011 JINST 6 P 4007 GPM Gain 106 @ 170 K 200 ns FIRST Scintillation induced signals in LXe by 5. 5 Me. V alphas GPM vs PMT @ 173 K INTENSE R&D in a novel LXe Cryostat @ Weizmann Amos Breskin 11

Weizmann Institute Liquid Xenon Facility (WILi. X) TPC L Arazi, M Rappaport -GPM testing ground GPM guide, gas, cables Basic consideration: allow frequent modifications in GPM without breaking the LXe equilibrium state GPM load-lock Gate valve Xe liquefier Xe heat exchanger GPM TPC Inner chamber (LXe) Vacuum insulation Amos Breskin 12

Towards single-phase TPCs • • • Simpler techniques? Sufficient signals? Lower thresholds? Cheaper? How to record best scintillation & ionization S 1, S 2? Amos Breskin 13

Cascaded Liquid Hole-Multipliers LHM Light or charge readout (GPM or pads) E Cs. I E E TPC Anode Liquid xenon S 1 photon S 2 Ionization electrons Holes: - Small- or no charge-gain - Electroluminescence (optical gain) Amos Breskin Modest charge multiplication + Lightamplification in sensors immersed in the noble liquid, applied to the detection of both scintillation UVphotons (S 1) and ionization electrons (S 2). - UV-photons impinge on Cs. I-coated THGEM electrode; - extracted photoelectrons are trapped into the holes, where high fields induce electroluminescence (+possibly small charge gain); - resulting photons are further amplified by a cascade of Cs. Icoated THGEMs. - Similarly, drifting S 2 electrons are focused into the hole and follow the same amplification path. - S 1 and S 2 signals are recorded optically by an immersed GPM or by charge collected on pads. 14

S 1 & S 2 with LHM Liquid xenon Detects S 1&S 2 A dual-sided single-phase TPC DM detector with top, bottom and side THGEM-LHMs. The prompt S 1 scintillation signals are detected with all LHMs. The S 2 signals are recorded with bottom and top LHMs. Highlights: • Higher S 1 signals lower expected detection threshold • Shorter drift lengths lower HV applied & lower e- losses Amos Breskin 15

CSCADED LHMs LHM C LHM E C LHM S 1, S 2 C LHM S 1 L C LHM Liquid xenon LOW HV for large-volume Relaxed electron lifetime Need: low radioactivity and pad-readout Amos Breskin 16

SUMMARY • • Advances in Detector Physics Main trend: THGEM R&D, production and applications RT: RICH & DHCAL CRYO: UV photons & charge detection in noble liquids for: DM, Medical, Inspection Amos Breskin 17