Detector systems 1 AntiCompton spectrometers 2 Pair spectrometers

Detector systems 1) Anti-Compton spectrometers 2) Pair spectrometers 3) Crystal spheres, walls, complex set-ups of semiconductor and scintillation detectors 4) PET chambers PET chamber at „Cyclotron Bio. Medical de Caen“ WWW pages of this device Photon spectrometer TAPS Progress of gamma ray measurement: Comparison of measurements by one Na. I(Tl) at 1963 and by set-up EUROGAM II (1994), taken from N. Poenaru, N. Greiner: Experimental Techniques in Nuclear Physics

Anticompton spectrometer HPGe detector surrounded by scintillation detector (Na. I(Tl), BGO) HPGe – high energy resolution Scintillation detector – high detection efficiency of Compton scattered photons Strong suppression of Compton background and escape peaks up to one order Photons after scattering → lower energies → higher probability of photo effect Asymmetrical position of HPGe detector inside Na. I(Tl) or BGO detector is advantage Monte Carlo simulation Distance in which given fraction of scattered photons is absorbed at BGO HPGe detector with anticompton BGO shielding ( N. Poenaru, N. Greiner: Experimental Techniques in Nuclear Physics

Pair spectrometer HPGe surrounded by scintillator (Na. I(Tl), BGO) Coincidence of HPGe and 2 × 511 ke. V at scintillator Suppression of all, exclude double escape peaks Strong background suppression, possible only for lines with high enough energy → high enough probability of pair production Summation spectrometer Simple, anticompton and pair spectrum of anticompton spectrometer at NPI ASCR Again combination of more detectors – often HPGe and scintillation detectors Sum makes possible to increase intensity of full absorption peak without marked downgrade of energy resolution Spectrometer consisted of HPGe surrounded by scintillation detector can work at anticompton, pair and summation modes Usage of inside geometry of source placement for cascade studies

Crystal spheres for nuclear structure studies Studies of very rare phenomena, high energies of nuclear excitation, high angular momenta, long cascades, superdeformed states, giant resonances, exotic nuclei First generation ( eighties) : 6 -21 HPGE detectors with anticompton shielding, BGO set-ups, combination of semiconductor and scintillation detectors TESSA 3 (UK), Chateau de Cristal (France), OSIRIS (SRN), NORDBALL (Denmark) Superdeformed band discovery I < 0, 01, cascades up to 20 transitions Second generation (nineties): Way to modular, flexible nomad set-ups, work on more accelerators Efficiency εF, Peak/Compton, resolution ΔE/E influence of Doppler shift – dominates at ΔE/E Usage of semiconductor (HPGE) with BGO shielding (efficiency up to εF = 10 %) ( tenths, hundreds of detectors) Detector set-up EUROGAM II

USA –LBNL, ANL, from 1995 - GAMMASPHERE - 70 -110 HPGe detectors with BGO shielding, 4π geometry Some photos of Set-up GAMMASPHERE real and also presentation at film Hulk WWW pages of experiment Europa – Daresbury, Heidelberg, Darmstadt, . . . from 1992 - EUROGAM I, II, EUROBALL III, IV - 2002 Some photos of set-up EUROGAM and EUROBALL WWW pages of experiments

Scintillation „walls“ for high energy physics Detection of electromagnetic showers – identification of high energy photons Heidelberg/Darmstadt – 162 Na. I(Tl) , SLAC-DESY – 672 Na. I(Tl) elmg calorimeters CLEO II 8000 Cs. I(Tl) detectors – usage of silicon photo diods -Cornell Electron-positron Storage Ring (CESR) 1991 - TAPS 384 Ba. F 2 detectors Crystal length 250 mm, diameter 59 mm Crystals of Cs. I(Tl) spectrometer CLEO II 1) Thin plastic detector – identification of charged particles 2) Time of flight – separation of fast particles 3) Pulse shape analysis (Ba. F 2 has two components of light emission) Detection of photons from hundreds ke. V up to tenth Ge. V produced directly or by decay of particles (π0, η, ω, φ) TAPS worked at GSI Darmstadt, KVI Groningen, GANIL Caen, CERN, MAMI Mainz, Bon Block of. Ba. F 2 crystals - spectrometer TAPS

Photon spectrometer TAPS at GSI Darmstadt and at KVI Groningen Electromagnetic calorimeter of LHC experiment ALICE: photon spectrometer PHOS Crystals of Pb. WO 4: 15 X 0 → 14 cm, R 0 ~ 2 cm sizes: l = 18 cm S = 2, 2× 2, 2 cm 2 Whole area: ~ 8 m 2 Optimized for Eγ ~ 0, 5 Ge. V – 10 Ge. V Crystals of Pb. WO 4 are ready for PHOS

PET chambers for lékařskou diagnostiku Positron emission tomography (PET) makes possible to obtain 3 D pictures of patient tissues Detectors record coincidences of annihilation quantum pairs 511 ke. V Positron + electron – annihilation in the rest → two annihilation quanta with energy 511 ke. V flight in opposite directions Two coordinates – position of photon detection Third coordinate – determination from detection time difference for photon pair From hundreds up to thousands pair detectors γ 1 (511 ke. V) Annihilation γ 2 (511 ke. V) Example: Standard chamber of HR+Siemens at „Cyclotron Bio. Medical de Caen: 576 crystals, space resolution 4, 5 a 3, 6 mm