Detecting Giant Monopole Resonances Peter Nguyen Advisors Dr

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Detecting Giant Monopole Resonances Peter Nguyen Advisors: Dr. Youngblood, Dr. Lui Texas A&M University

Detecting Giant Monopole Resonances Peter Nguyen Advisors: Dr. Youngblood, Dr. Lui Texas A&M University

Giant Resonances n n Discovered in the early 1940 s by bombarding nuclei with

Giant Resonances n n Discovered in the early 1940 s by bombarding nuclei with gamma rays Giant resonances is a collective motion of nucleons that occurs when the nucleus becomes excited Each mode has an associated multipole integer value L to represent the angular momentum transfer Classification ¨ Isoscalar means the protons and neutrons move in phase and is denoted as ∆T = 0 ¨ Isovector means the protons and neutrons do not move out of phase and is denoted by ∆T = 1

Isoscalar Giant Monopole Resonances (ISGMR) n n ISGMR is the “breathing” mode where the

Isoscalar Giant Monopole Resonances (ISGMR) n n ISGMR is the “breathing” mode where the nucleons compress and expand causing the nucleus’ radius to fluctuate ISGMR can be related to the nucleus, denoted as Knm

Motivation Behind Knm n n n It is a fundamental quantity describing the ground

Motivation Behind Knm n n n It is a fundamental quantity describing the ground state properties of nuclear matter Uses ¨ Supernova collapses ¨ Neutron stars ¨ Heavy-ion collisions ¨ Determine the Nuclear Equation of State Measuring it ¨ Deduce information from the frequency of the compression mode of the nucleus during ISGMR and ISGDR ¨ Relate the compressibility to the centroid energy of the ISGMR

Detection of ISGMR n n n Difficult to detect because Giant Quadrupole Resonance GQR

Detection of ISGMR n n n Difficult to detect because Giant Quadrupole Resonance GQR hid the GMR except at small scattering angles Beam analysis system provides a very clean beam which can be used in the measurement Using a beam of specific Me. V, the beam will collide target nucleus

MDM Spectrometer n n The target nuclei in the target will excite to a

MDM Spectrometer n n The target nuclei in the target will excite to a higher energy level α particles with different energy will separate by MDM spectrometer and focus on different position of the detector

Stable Nuclei Excessive studies have been made on the stable nuclei by using alpha

Stable Nuclei Excessive studies have been made on the stable nuclei by using alpha particles scattering n Through inelastic scattering, information of ISGMR and ISGDR have been obtain from the stable nuclei (12 C - 208 Pb) n Researcher are focusing more on unstable nuclei n

Unstable Nuclei n n n Unstable nuclei cannot be placed in the target chamber

Unstable Nuclei n n n Unstable nuclei cannot be placed in the target chamber because of its decaying nature. The nuclei will immediately decay into another element To study the unstable nuclei, an inverse reaction is needed, the unstable nuclei becomes the projectile Detector on the back of spectrometer combined with decay detector inside target chamber to measure the resonance of unstable nucleus Reaction - 28 Si(6 Li, 6 Li) 28 Si* Inverse Reaction - 6 Li (28 Si, 28 Si*) 6 Li

Decay Detector in Target Chamber n n n The detector is compose of a

Decay Detector in Target Chamber n n n The detector is compose of a thick scintillator block, and vertical and horizontal thin strips that are 1 mm thick The particles will go through the vertical strip first and then the horizontal strip. This will determine the position of the outgoing particles The scintillator block measures the energy of the particles

Scintillator n n A scintillator is a device that ¨ absorbs energy and emits

Scintillator n n A scintillator is a device that ¨ absorbs energy and emits light Several kinds of scintillating material exists including: organic, ¨ inorganic and plastic The particle hits the scintillator which excites the molecules in the scintillating material to emit light ¨ The photons released is then capture by a photomultiplier that is coupled to the scintillator via a light guide or directly attached Sensitive to Energy n Represented as a linear function Fast Time Response n Recovery time is short Pulse Shape Discrimination n Determining different particles

Photomultiplier n n n The photomultiplier absorbs the emitted light and electrons are release

Photomultiplier n n n The photomultiplier absorbs the emitted light and electrons are release via photoelectric effect at the photocathode The cathode, dynodes, and the anodes create a potential “ladder” that directs the electrons The electrons travel from the photocathode to the first dynode and excite more electrons in the dynode The excited electrons leave the dynode and travel to the next dynode to repeat the process At the anode all the electrons are collected and then amplify to create a readable current

Energy Loss n Using SRIM, a program that computes the energy associated with scintillator

Energy Loss n Using SRIM, a program that computes the energy associated with scintillator thickness, the energy loss after striking the scintillator is calculated and subtracted from the initial energy

Energy Loss (cont. )

Energy Loss (cont. )

Energy Loss (cont. )

Energy Loss (cont. )

Energy Loss (cont. )

Energy Loss (cont. )

Light Output

Light Output

Light Output Data Points Proton Final Energy Tritium Deuterium Energy Loss Final Energy Alpha

Light Output Data Points Proton Final Energy Tritium Deuterium Energy Loss Final Energy Alpha Energy Loss Final Energy Loss 14. 0445494 45. 65449513 123. 3270106 19. 01374922 244. 3963258 13. 18231512 41. 42294465 135. 6397697 121. 7725841 16. 75876843 231. 1026128 12. 84648608 356. 0533784 10. 06235227 110. 8979309 93. 82538113 265. 2827946 9. 924787821 359. 8641216 9. 378536605 480. 9530824 8. 164524532 186. 3169591 73. 28500163 441. 7524491 6. 90586927 508. 2255034 7. 212428237 619. 2371887 6. 882279685 270. 1263004 59. 42945228 651. 127854 5. 121702054 675. 2244704 5. 780727277 771. 7236226 5. 857644727 360. 7180493 49. 73150895 890. 9217898 4. 062224042 858. 1053615 4. 998311244 938. 3466018 4. 994116805 457. 8888839 42. 55009296 1161. 51625 3. 310228612 1061. 203003 4. 221229134 1116. 99387 4. 402916419 561. 5185097 37. 01540361 1459. 508539 2. 89640396 1281. 668295 3. 642717902 1309. 220687 3. 875750442 790. 5481019 28. 43737153 1789. 231921 2. 450009156 1519. 588504 3. 178649471 1514. 242378 3. 438651238 1038. 670959 23. 65732572 2147. 213482 2. 119347153 1774. 651665 2. 801073083 1958. 516515 2. 937909656 1309. 10599 20. 47395873 2533. 127937 1. 863983349 2046. 323568 2. 502614581 2454. 534918 2. 448657849 1608. 501269 17. 38504145 2946. 982321 1. 648915691 2636. 883021 2. 140732853 2998. 933658 2. 06758188 1929. 623412 15. 18195948 3388. 135887 1. 472603244 3295. 256736 1. 779895568 3590. 37012 1. 776982275 2274. 305667 13. 37833735 4348. 151763 1. 272532761 4017. 299028 1. 509377271 4227. 774835 1. 558597089 2640. 261746 12. 04178611 4801. 740674 1. 303716468 4911. 142151 1. 375439938 3030. 80488 10. 76934387 5647. 703756 1. 140994357 5639. 422415 1. 228612782 3442. 138413 9. 804311112 6554. 138308 1. 012369008 6412. 284574 1. 104784763 3877. 242976 8. 869569149 7520. 338171 0. 907226759 7228. 973732 1. 003203917 4332. 702042 8. 150895245 8545. 667934 0. 818352334 8089. 20021 0. 916022879 4809. 934145 7. 515757865 9629. 186423 0. 745711981 8992. 505998 0. 8406453 5308. 623791 6. 955582819 9938. 386706 0. 776116463 5828. 584993 6. 457850664

Identifying The Particle n To verify the GMR, the monopole sum rule is used

Identifying The Particle n To verify the GMR, the monopole sum rule is used

Current Progress n This holds the scintillator that will be place inside the target

Current Progress n This holds the scintillator that will be place inside the target chamber

Current Progress (cont. ) n The high voltage will be control from upstairs with

Current Progress (cont. ) n The high voltage will be control from upstairs with wire connecting from the ceiling

Current Progress (cont. ) n On top of the target chamber will be a

Current Progress (cont. ) n On top of the target chamber will be a ring that will be attach. The photomultipliers are then attach from the outside of the target chamber

Acknowledgement n n n Dr. Youngblood Dr. Lui Xinfeng Chen Jonathan Button Robert Polis

Acknowledgement n n n Dr. Youngblood Dr. Lui Xinfeng Chen Jonathan Button Robert Polis

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