Designing Maps GTECH 201 Lecture 19 Yet Another
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Designing Maps GTECH 201 Lecture 19
Yet Another Definition n “A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale. ”
Cartographic Design Principles n Audience and purpose n Size, scale, and media n Visual balance
Audience and Purpose
Size, Scale and Media
Visual Balance
Elements of a Map n Map body n Legend n Title n Scale n North arrow n (inset map)
Other Elements of a Map n n n Source of data Map projection Author Date Neatline Graphs, tables, images, informative text n . . leading towards a poster
Who Made It? UTM? ? What is its name? Coordinates in DD Legend Where is it located (inset)? Border Where is north Neatline? What is the scale/ How accurate is it and where can you get it? • Credits. • How was it made. • Projection and Datum. • Other metadata
Map Templates
Layer Transparency
Labels and Annotation n . . more later today
Reference System n n n Graticule ºN/S, ºE/W Measured grid X, Y Reference grid 12 B or 14 G
Map Layout n Templates again
Map Scale n n The ratio of the distance between two points on the map and the distance between the same two points in the real world Describes distances and area sizes
Why Do We Care About Scale n n To compare or edge-match maps, they must be in the same GCS Remember, a GCS consists of: n n A metric An origin A projection A datum
Types of Scale n Graphical n Phrase (word(y) statement) n Representative fraction n Special cases n Variable scale
Graphical Scale n n Changes in map size(copy machine) preserve scale relationships Unit independent
Verbal Scale n n Does not preserve scale with size change Unit-dependant One inch equals one mile One to a a mile
Representative Fraction n n Does not preserve scale in size change Unit independent Ratio is true regardless of units Expressed as a ratio 1: 100, 000 Expressed as a fraction 1/100, 000
Variable Scale n n Projections that do not preserve distance City maps (Falk)
Large vs. Small Scale n Small scale shows large areas n n n Large denominator 1/500, 000 Think of it as small in detail Large scale shows small areas n n Small denominator 1/500 Think of it as large in detail
Area and Scale n n Retains the same relationship as linear scale The linear scale is squared 2 n 1: 1, 000 equals 1: 1, 000 n One square inch to one square mile
Examples of Scale
You Have to Decide n What is the intended use n How will it be used n How much detail n What are the units
Linear Units n Metric n n SAE n n Miles, yards, feet, inches Other n n Kilo-, centi-, milli-meters Degrees, chains, furlongs, rods, light-years Unit-less
Areal Units n Metric n n U. S. Public Land Survey n n Township, section, acre Other n n Hectare, decare, are City block, ZIP code, police district, parsec Unit-less
Convenient Fractions n Metric n n SAE n n 1 / 100, 000 or 1 cm equals 1 km 1 / 63, 360 or 1 inch equals 1 mile U. S. topographic maps n 1 / 24, 000 or 1 inch equals 2, 000 feet
Metric / SAE Conversion League Mile Furlong Chain 1 3 24 240 Rod Yard Foot Link Hand Inch Line 960 5280 15, 840 24, 000 47, 520 190, 100 2, 281, 000 Kilometer 4. 828 Meter 4, 828 Centimeter 482, 800 Millimeter 4, 828, 000
Beware of n 1 / 100, 000 does NOT mean n 1 mm equals 1 km, or 1 inch equals 100, 000 feet Mixed units n n Not allowed in representative fractions Permitted in verbal usage
Resolution n What is it that you wish to represent n n n Countries States Counties Towns Property ownership
Detail n n How much information needs to be conveyed? How precisely have objects to be mapped? n n Generalization Cartographic license
Cartographic License n Alteration of real-world spatial relations to better present pertinent information n Distortion n Combination n Shift n Exaggeration
How Much Detail?
Road Displacement
Generalization n 1: 5, 000 n 1: 10, 000
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