Design of Parallel and Distributed Systems by Dr

Design of Parallel and Distributed Systems by Dr. Sarmad Sadik From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edition 5, © Addison-Wesley 2012

Course Outline Characterization of Distributed Systems System Models Remote Invocation Indirect Communication Peer to peer systems Distributed File Systems Advance topics in Research 2

Books Text Book: • Distributed Systems : Concepts and Design By: George Coulouris, Jean Dollimore and Tim Kindberg: 5 th Edition Reference Book: • Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms by Andrew S Tanenbaum and Maarten van Steen, 2 nd Edition 3

Grading • Assignments – 10% • Quizzes – 10% • OHTs– 15% + 15% • Final Exam – 50% 4

Introduction of distributed systems Concurrency No global clock Independent failures Examples of distributed systems 5

Examples of distributed systems Web search Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) Financial trading 6

Selected application domains and associated networked applications Finance and commerce e. Commerce e. g. Amazon and e. Bay, Pay. Pal, online banking and trading The information society Web information and search engines, ebooks, Wikipedia; social networking: Facebook and My. Space. Creative industries and entertainment online gaming, music and film in the home, usergenerated content, e. g. You. Tube, Flickr Healthcare health informatics, online patient records, monitoring patients Education e-learning, virtual learning environments; distance learning Transport and logistics GPS in route finding systems, map services: Google Maps, Google Earth Science The Grid as an enabling technology for collaboration between scientists Environmental management sensor technology to monitor earthquakes, floods or tsunamis Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 © Pearson Education 2012 7

An example financial trading system Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 © Pearson Education 2012 8

Trends in distributed systems The emergence of pervasive networking technology The emergence of ubiquitous computing coupled with the desire to support user Mobility in distributed systems The increasing demand for multimedia services The view of distributed systems as a utility 9

A typical portion of the Internet intranet ☎ ISP ☎ ☎ ☎ backbone satellite link desktop computer: server: network link: Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 © Pearson Education 2012

Portable and handheld devices in a distributed system Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 © Pearson Education 2012

Cloud computing Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 © Pearson Education 2012 12

Challenges Heterogeneity Openness Security Scalability Failure handling Concurrency Transparency 13

Heterogeneity Networks Computer hardware Operating systems Programming languages Implementations by different developers Middleware Heterogeneity and mobile code 14 Virtual machine

Openness Open systems are characterized by the fact that their key interfaces are published Uniform communication mechanism Open distributed systems can be constructed from heterogeneous hardware and software But the conformance of each component to the published standard must be carefully tested and verified if the system 15 is to work correctly.

Security • Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability • Denial of service attacks • Security of mobile code 16

Scalability Controlling the cost of physical resources Controlling the performance loss Preventing software resources running out Avoiding performance bottlenecks 17

Growth of the Internet (computers and web servers) Date 1993, July 1995, July 1997, July 1999, July 2001, July 2003, July 2005, July Computers Web servers Percentage 1, 776, 000 130 0. 008 6, 642, 000 19, 540, 000 56, 218, 000 125, 888, 197 23, 500 1, 203, 096 6, 598, 697 31, 299, 592 0. 4 6 12 25 ~200, 000 42, 298, 371 21 353, 284, 187 67, 571, 581 19 Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 © Pearson Education 2012

Failure handling Detecting failures Masking failures Tolerating failures Recovery from failures Redundancy 19

Concurrency Concurrent resource sharing Transactions control Synchronization 20

Transparencies Access transparency: enables local and remote resources to be accessed using identical operations. Location transparency: enables resources to be accessed without knowledge of their physical or network location (for example, which building or IP address). Concurrency transparency: enables several processes to operate concurrently using shared resources without interference between them. Replication transparency: enables multiple instances of resources to be used to increase reliability and performance without knowledge of the replicas by users or application programmers.

Transparencies Failure transparency: enables the concealment of faults, allowing users and application programs to complete their tasks despite the failure of hardware or software components. Mobility transparency: allows the movement of resources and clients within a system without affecting the operation of users or programs. Performance transparency: allows the system to be reconfigured to improve performance as loads vary. Scaling transparency: allows the system and applications to expand in scale without change to the system structure or the application algorithms.

Quality of service The main nonfunctional properties of systems that affect the quality of the service experienced by clients and users are Reliability Security Performance. Adaptability 23

Case study: The World Wide Web HTML, URI, HTTP Web services Semantic Web 24

Web servers and web browsers Browsers Web servers www. google. com http: //www. google. comlsearch? q=obama Internet www. cdk 5. net http: //www. cdk 5. net/ www. w 3 c. org File system of www. w 3 c. org standards http: //www. w 3. org/standards/faq. html#conformance faq. html Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5 © Pearson Education 2012

Assignment 1 Compare the cloud computing concept with traditional computing. How cloud computing addresses the challenges of heterogeneity, openness, scalability and transparency? Deadline: 24 th Sep, 2012 26

Thank you ! 27